Background: Thyroid diseases are common and comprise a spectrum of entities. After diabetes mellitus, the thyroid gland is the most common gland to cause endocrine disorder. Lesions of thyroid are predominantly confined to female in the ratio 5:1 to male. Thyroid enlargement is the most common sign, it may be diffuse or generalized or localized. Both benign and malignant lesions of thyroid commonly present with a nodule. Prevalence of thyroid nodule ranges from 0.2% to 1.2% in children and from 4-10% in general adult population. Presently due to common use of ultra-sonography in the clinical practice the incidence of thyroid nodule has risen to 14-50%.Methods: A prospective, observational, single hospital base study done during the period from 2018 to 2020 in the Department of Surgery, Gandhi medical college Bhopal. Sample size was taken 60 patients.Results: In this study as patients present with thyroid enlargement and ulrasonography scoring according to TIRAD score, as TIRAD score is increased possibility of malignancy increased. On the basis of ultrasonography of thyroid to detect the malignancy sensitivity is 88.9% and specificity is 98%.Conclusions: Commonest clinical presentation is multinodular goitre is about 53% and ultrasonography scoring is TIRAD-2 and TIRAD-3 which was consistent with nodular hyperplasia. Second commonest clinical presentation is colloid goitre (31%) and ultrasonography score is TIRAD-2 and TIRAD-3. On the basis of ultrasonography TIRAD-4 and TIRAD-5 are about 13.4% and these findings consistent with Neoplastic thyroid swelling in histopathology.

Background: Mesenteric artery thrombosis (MAT) is a condition involving occlusion of the arterial vascular supply of the intestinal system. It is a severe and potentially fatal illness typically of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), which provides the primary arterial supply to the small intestine and ascending colon. The occlusion may occur due to underlying atherosclerotic disease or embolic occlusion from a distant source, as atrial fibrillation. The condition possesses a high mortality rate and prompt recognition and treatment are of utmost importance.Methods: A retrospective, observational, single hospital base study done during the period from 2015 to 2020 in the department of surgery, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal. Sample size was taken 50 patients.Results: In our study, out of 50 patients, 34% patients were in the age group between 55-65 years, history of smoking was present in 44%, hypertension in 36%, past history of atrial fibrillation in 10%, signs of peritonitis were present in 62% patients. Out of 50 patients, 42% was operated while 58% were managed conservatively. Amongst operated patients, in 72% partial bowel resection was done while in 28% extensive bowel resection was done, 66% were discharged while 28% patients died, amongst 21 operated patients, 57% were discharged while 43% died.Conclusions: In this study, SMA thrombosis is more common in patients with smoking, cardiac diseases (hypertension, atrial fibrillation, ischemic heart disease, CVA), dyslipidaemia. Early intervention as thrombolysis or bypass surgery is needed to prevent complications like extensive bowel ischemia.