Background: Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds are reported to contain multiple antidiabetic constituents and hence widely used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The present investigation was aimed to formulate capsule formulations containing crude extract of fenugreek seeds in order to obtain antidiabetic formulations with more effective oral hypoglycemic activity, less side effects, increased patient compliance thereby providing multifaceted benefits. Methodology: Capsule formulations were prepared by encapsulation of granules prepared from the fenugreek seed extract with various concentration of sodium starch glycolate as superdisintegrant (0-5%). Finished capsule formulations were evaluated for weight variation, disintegration time, drug content (trigonelline) content, in vitro-drug release, in vivo antidiabetic activity studies. Results: Fenugreek capsule formulations pass the test for weight since the percentage deviation of individual weight of capsule from mean were found within ±7.5%. Drug (trigonelline) content of all the formulations were more than 85%. Disintegration time ranged from 7-15 mins. Dissolution profile showed 77.06 -90% drug release in phosphate buffer of pH 6.8 after 6 hours. Antidiabetic activity studies of capsules significantly (p≤ 0.001) reduced blood glucose level in diabetic rats after 15 days of treatment when compared to diabetic control group. Conclusion: From the results, we concluded that formulation of fenugreek seed extracts into suitable and appropriate herbal dosage form may be more desirable, advantageous and therapeutically more beneficial than incorporating the direct plant materials for the treatment of diabetes.

Aims: The present study aim was to analyse the molecular interactions of the phytoconstituents known for their antiviral activity with the SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural proteins such as main protease (6LU7), Nsp12 polymerase (6M71), and Nsp13 helicase (6JYT). The applied in silico methodologies was molecular docking and pharmacophore modeling using Schrodinger software. Methods: The phytoconstituents were taken from PubChem, and SARS-CoV-2 proteins were downloaded from the protein data bank. The molecular interactions, binding energy, ADMET properties and pharmacophoric features were analysed by glide XP, prime MM-GBSA, qikprop and phase application of Schrodinger respectively. The antiviral activity of the selected phytoconstituents was carried out by PASS predictor, online tools. Results: The docking score analysis showed that quercetin 3-rhamnoside (-8.77 kcal/mol) and quercetin 3-rhamnoside (-7.89 kcal/mol) as excellent products to bind with their respective targets such as 6LU7, 6M71 and 6JYT. The generated pharmacophore hypothesis model validated the docking results, confirming the hydrogen bonding interactions of the amino acids. The PASS online tool predicted constituent's antiviral potentials. Conclusion: The docked phytoconstituents showed excellent interactions with the SARS-CoV-2 proteins, and on the outset, quercetin 3-rhamnoside and quercetin 7-rhamnoside have well-interacted with all the three proteins, and these belong to the plant Houttuynia cordata. The pharmacophore hypothesis has revealed the characteristic features responsible for their interactions, and PASS prediction data has supported their antiviral activities. Thus, these natural compounds could be developed as lead molecules for antiviral treatment against SARS-CoV-2. Further in-vitro and in-vivo studies could be carried out to provide better drug therapy.

Objective: Present study is aimed at formulation of hydrogel containing PLGA nanoparticles loaded with of Crossandra infundibuliformis (CI) extract. Leaf extract of Crossandra infundibuliformis has been reported to possess antibacterial, antifungal activity hence an attempt was done to improve the efficacy of the extract by formulating into nanoparticulate hydrogel which can be used as a feasible alternative to conventional formulations of Crossandra infundibuliformis extract with dual benefit of sustained release and advanced permeation characteristics for transdermal application. Methodology: In this study, the active ingredients present in the leaves of Crossandra infundibuliformis (CI) were extracted by cold maceration using ethanol. The crude extracts were developed into polymeric nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation method using PLGA as polymer, polyvinyl alcohol as surfactant and dimethyl sulphoxide as organic phase solvent. Polymeric nanoparticles were incorporated into gel matrix containing HPMC K4M as gel matrix base. Results: Polymeric nanoparticles showed nearly spherical shape with z-average 143-325nm, PDI in the range of 0.235-0.299 and -2.08 mV to -3.58mV zeta potential with maximum % drug entrapment of 69%. Nanoparticulate hydrogel formulations showed high viscosity, neutral pH with good spreadability which is suitable for transdermal application. In vitro drug release showed initial burst release of 28.56 ± 0.93 % with prolonged drug release of 90.06± 0.93 % from optimized formulation up to 24 h. Conclusion: Nanoparticulate hydrogel can be used as carrier for transdermal delivery of extract of Crossandra infundibuliformis.

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Objective: Current study is aimed at the formulation of silver nanoparticles loaded with the extract of Coleus amboinicus leaf extract by microwave irradiation. A facile and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using a biological agent such as plant extracts with the aid of microwave irradiation is proposed as an economical and environmentally friendly approach alternative to chemical and physical methods. Methods: In order to fabricate silver nanoparticles by microwave irradiation, aqueous extract of leaves Coleus amboinicus (CA) were treated with aqueous silver nitrate solution and mixture was placed in the microwave oven for exposure to microwave. Optimizations of the process were carried out by varying the quantity of extract, silver nitrate concentration and duration of microwave irradiation. Formations of nanoparticles were confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy observing for the presence of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak. Nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Results: Silver nanoparticle showed the SPR optical absorption band peak at 434 nm by UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Reaction mixture containing 2 mmol silver nitrate and 9 ml of extract subjected to microwave irradiation of 60 sec at a temperature of 60 °C was found to be optimised condition, which produced nanoparticles that were spherical in shape and had an average diameter of 15.685 nm. Conclusion: This research study opens an innovative design to progress our understanding of how silver nanoparticles behave can be optimized to improve their surface morphology, which is beneficial to improve its therapeutic effect.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to formulate and optimize the PLGA polymeric nanoparticle of Nebivolol Hydrochloride for sustain release of drug Methods: The drug-excipients interaction was explored by molecular docking studies by in silico tools. The drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation method using 32 factorial design and characterized for particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. Shape and surface morphology was analysed by SEM and TEM. In vitro drug release study was performed by using a diffusion membrane. Results: The docking analysis inferred that the drug has interacted well with PLGA and PF-68, which could prevent the drug crystal formation. The optimized polymeric nanoparticles had a particle size of 291 nm and entrapment efficiency of 83.4% and were found to be within 95% of CI of the predicted value, which is acceptable. SEM and TEM studies showed that the formed polymeric nanoparticles were smooth, spherical in shape and uniform in size. In vitro drug release study of optimized formulation showed sustained release for prolonged time period Conclusion: Based on the computational studies and in vitro release studies, the developed Nebivolol hydrochloride loaded in PLGA nanoparticles could be a promising formulation in oral drug delivery for the treatment of hypertension.

Aim and Objectives: The present study aimed to formulate and evaluate gastroretentive nanosponge loaded with lafutidine for a gastric ulcer to overcome the drawbacks of oral conventional dosage forms such as the inability to confine and locate within the desired region of the gastrointestinal tract due to variable gastric emptying and motility. The floating tablets of nanosponge were formulated to increase the bioavailability of lafutidine by prolonging retention time in the upper gastric region. Materials and Methods: The emulsion solvent diffusion method was used to prepare the nanosponge and 3 2 factorial design was employed to assess the influence of two independent variables ethyl cellulose: polyvinyl alcohol ratio and sonication time on particle size, entrapment efficiency and zeta potential of the prepared nanosponges. The optimized nanosponges were compressed into tablets by the direct compression method. Results: Statistical analysis revealed the significant effect of ethyl cellulose: polyvinyl alcohol ratio and sonication time on particle size, entrapment efficiency and zeta potential. The SEM images of the optimized formulation revealed the spherical shape and porous surface of the nanosponges. Pre and post-compression parameters of floating tablets found to be within the limit and the floating tablets of nanosponge remained buoyant for 24 h whereas nanosponges remained buoyant only for 7 h. The F1 formulation showed short lag time, maximum drug content (98.7%), sustained the drug release for 24 h and it was stable for the entire period study. Conclusion: The floating tablet of nanosponge is promising in retaining and controlling drug release for a pronged period of time in the stomach.

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