The large intestine is a site of a variety of diseases. The lesions tend to occur affecting different age groups ranging from early childhood to late adulthood. Patients may present with very vague clinical symptoms ranging from abdominal pain, loose stools, vomiting, diarrhoea, bleeding per rectum, and change in bowel habit. Patients presenting with repeated symptoms related to lower intestinal pathology are advised to undergo colonoscopic examination.To study clinico-pathological correlation of endoscopic biopsies of large intestine and to study spectrum of large intestinal lesions.The study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital from August 2018 to July 2020. All endoscopic biopsy samples were included in this study. All endoscopic biopsies were performed by high definition colonoscope. Clinical and endoscopic correlation with histopathological diagnosis was performed and results were generated.Total 133 cases were included in this study, out of 133 patients 86 were males and 47 were females. Patients showed wide age range from 11 years to 80 years. There were 25 patients each in age group of 31-40 years and 61-70 years. The most common presenting complaint was loose stools in 66 cases. The most common endoscopic finding was erythema in 82 cases. Out of 133 cases, 105 cases were non neoplastic, 08 cases were benign neoplastic and 20 cases were malignant neoplastic on histopathology.Colonoscopy is very high yielding and safe procedure to perform.Colonoscopic biopsies are proven to be of great importance. Clinical, endoscopic and histopathological correlation is always advisable in large intestinal pathology for early diagnosis and treatment.
Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies affecting the female population worldwide. Prognosis and management of breast cancer are influenced by variables such as stage, grade, and hormone receptor status. Tumours that express ER and/or PR have a better prognosis and most of them respond well to hormonal therapy. In addition to hormone receptors, HER2 has emerged in recent years as an important independent predictive marker.Methods: All surgically operated female cases of breast carcinoma which were submitted for immunohistochemistry test for estrogen, progesterone and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 in the Department of Pathology, MGM Medical College, Aurangabad for the duration of December 2015 to October 2017 were included in this prospective study. A total of 50 patients were taken up for the study.Results: The maximum age of the patients were in the 4th -5th decade and were mostly premenopausal. The tumour was maximum involving the right breast, upper outer quadrant and were BI-RADS 4. Majority were grade 2 and were invasive ductal carcinoma. Hormone receptor status showed ER positivity 48%, PR positivity 46% and HER2 positivity 28%.Conclusions: So, to conclude, immunohistochemical analysis of ER, PR and HER2 receptors is widely available at a reasonable cost and provides valuable prognostic, predictive and therapeutic information. Although we could see different patterns of hormonal receptor status, irrespective of the histological grade, type and lymph node status in our study, HER2 testing along with ER/PR status should be performed routinely in all the patients diagnosed of breast cancer as this will help the clinicians to manage the patients further.
Introduction: Covid 19 pandemic has brought human life one on one with the pace of growth. The indispensable lockdown and social distancing norms have posed challenges to continue education in various fields. Distance learning via online teaching has emerged as a savior in the pandemic. In the current scenario, it is very important to keep learners in the loop and obtain feedback from students at the end of online teaching, for understanding its strength and weaknesses which will eventually assist in developing strategies to improve its quality. We intend to share our experience with the online teaching. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted from March 2020 to Feb 2021, which includes 8 months of online teaching classes and practicals, one online examination (mid term exam), and 1 offline examination (final professional exam). The marks obtained by the students who attended online classes (batch II) in 2020-21 session was compared with previous batch i.e 2019-20 (batch I). Also the marks obtained by batch I during online exam (mid-term exam) were compared with their marks during offline exam (final professional exam). Results: Batch II scored higher marks than batch I in theory and practical (p-value < 0.05). However, the marks of viva for both batches were equitable. Conclusions: We feel that the online teaching is a reasonable alternative to conventional teaching in the current scenario.
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