A lot of attention is nowadays devoted to the problem of generally defined ecology. It is absolutely essential in case of systems and sources generating heat due to their direct influence on the environment through emitting post-process products to the atmosphere which are, most frequently a result of combustion. Therefore, constant searchers are made to optimize the operation of heat sources and to acquire energy from sources for which the general balance of carbon dioxide emission is zero or close to zero. This work compares the emissions of equivalent CO 2 from selected systems with the following heat sources: coal, gas furnace, heat pump, and refers results of the analysis to aspects connected with regulations concerning environmental protection. The systems generating thermal energy in the gas furnaces, coal, biomass, as well as the compression heat pumps with the lower heat source as ambient air or ground were taken under consideration, as well as centralized systems for the production of heat based on the combustion of coal, gas, oil, and biomass. the Emission of carbon dioxide for the installation of cogeneration and absorption heat pump were also calculated. Similarly obtained amount of extra emission necessary for the proper operation maintenance of heating devices via the supplied electricity from external source, the mostly fuel-fired power plants for fuels as previously mentioned. The results of the calculations were presented in tables and graphs.
Ventilation systems consume more and more energy because of the often complex treatment of the air supplied to closed spaces. Looking for sources of energy allow for significant savings costs, which often translate into renewable energy sources. One of the more popular solutions is to use energy from the ground by various methods. Known and relatively common solutions are based on ground heat exchanger and ground collector cooperating with a heat pump. The paper presents the possibility of cooperation ventilation system with ground air heat exchanger and heat pump both in summer and winter period. A number solutions of this type of system, supported by calculation examples and moist air transformation in the Moliere chart have been presented. Support ventilation system with renewable energy sources allows significant savings in operating as shown in the article.
Abstract. By low emission, we mean the pollution of the lower troposphere from emitters not exceeding 50 m in height and most often located at a level of 10 m in height. Due to such emitters the altitude this pollution accumulates around is its place of emission. The basic source of low emissions in Poland are pollutants caused by vehicular traffic and during the process of burning low quality coal, and rubbish -in domestic furnaces. The reason is the lack of proper filtrtation in these devices. Most air pollutants are gaseous substances. The second group is dust. Contamination is different in physical and chemical terms. The most dangerous for people and the environment are: dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzopyrene), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, heavy metals (eg cadmium, manganese, chromium), and hydrogen cyanide. The largest increase in suspended particulates during the heating season affects a majority of single-family housing estates, due to the lack of system heat. It is a fact that many users have antiquated coal furnaces in which low-quality coal and sometimes waste is burned, for example, colored press, rubber, plastics, and impregnated wood. Unfavorable weather conditions during the heating season intensify this phenomenon which is known as smog. This publication is aimed at presenting methods for reducing the emission of pollutants into the air due to the combustion of inadequate fuel in areas of low residential buildings. The solutions, based on the replacement of fifth-generation furnaces as well as a change of fuel, have been proposed.
Environmental protection, and in particular air protection against pollution, is an extremely important element of the global policy of many countries. The problem of air pollution is particularly important in Poland, where the heating market is one of the largest in Europe and is based in 74% on the use of fossil fuels, in particular hard coal. One of the technological solutions for the implementation of cleaner fuels is the co-combustion of coal and biomass. This process enables the reduction of harmful pollutants such as CO2, SO2, and can be implemented in existing boilers. Heating boilers achieve the highest design efficiency during optimal load at the level of 85–95% of nominal power. Under such conditions, heat production is most efficient. During operation, boilers are often started, extinguished or run below rated output, resulting in increased emissions. This publication presents the results of measurements of efficiency and concentrations of pollutants in the WR water boiler during operation below the technical minimum. Hard coal was cofired in the boiler with biomass of wood origin. It was noted that the amount of biomass had a significant impact on the boiler efficiency and pollutant emission. Based on the research, it was also noted that it was possible to make a qualitative prediction of these parameters. The obtained results are an introduction to a deeper analysis and further research on the correlation between the amount of biomass and boiler power and the efficiency and concentration of pollutants.
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