This study aims to examine the energy sources of feed ingredients that can increase the production of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA), N-NH 3 , microbial protein synthesis, total gas production and metabolic energy. The material used is as a source of rumen fluid inoculum from Frisian Holstein cows (FH) females, amoniasi rice straw, salt, mineral mix brand "Ultra Minerals' production Eka Farma Semarang, onggok wet and dry, corn, and rice bran. Observed variable is the concentration of (VFA), N-NH 3 , rumen microbial protein synthesis, and total gas production. Based on the analysis of diversity seen any significant effect (P<0.05) on total VFA concentration, N-NH3 and total gas but had no effect (P>0.05) on microbial protein synthesis. Conclusion of research is the provision of energy sources with rice bran treatment, onggok wet and dry corn flour can be used as fermentable carbohydrates on feed hay amoniasi in vitro.

Keanekaragaman dan komposisi vegetasi pohon di kawasan air terjun Lanna dan Takapala, Kabupaten Gowa, Sulawesi Selatan sudah diteliti pada bulan Desember 2016 dan januari 2017.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman dan komposisi vegetasi pohon yang tumbuh pada kawasan air terjun Takapala dan Lanna di Kabupaten Gowa. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode Point Centered Quarter (PCQ) dan metode  analisis komunitas mencakup indeks keanekaragaman, keseragaman, dominansi .     Hasil identifikasi  di kawasan air terjun Lanna terdapat  24 species, 19 familia, sedangkan di kawasan air terjun Takapala terdapat 25 species, 17 familia.  Hasil penelitian indek  keanekaragaman jenis di kawasan air terjun Lanna dan Takapala berkisar 2.785- 2.965 (katagori sedang). Indeks keseragaman komunitas di kawasan Air Terjun Lanna dan Takapala berkisar antara 1.700 – 1.805 (katagori tinggi). Indeks dominansi di kawasan Air Terjun Lanna dan Takapala berkisar antara 0.053-0.075 (katagori rendah). Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa jenis tumbuhan pembentuk vegetasi hutan di air terjun Lanna dengan di air terjun Takapala relatif berbeda.Kata kunci: Keanekaragaman, keseragaman , dominansi dan komposisi                      pohon

Background and Aim: Reproductive traits play an important role in population increases and the egg production (EP) abilities of Indonesian local ducks (ILD). The prolactin (PRL) gene is a single chain polypeptide hormone belonging to a family of growth hormone genes that are mainly synthesized in the anterior pituitary gland in all vertebrates. It has a significant effect on reproductive traits and EP. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present in PRL are a useful molecular marker for EP. This study aimed to identify the PRL polymorphisms based on these SNPs and to uncover the associations with reproductive traits in ILD. Materials and Methods: A total of 280 ILDs consisting of Tegal and Magelang (F0) ducks and their reciprocal crosses, namely, Gallang (F1) and Maggal (F1), were maintained and specific variables were recorded, that is, age at first egg, body weight at first egg, first egg weight, and EP, for 90 days. Allele and genotype frequencies were used to determine the Hardy- Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium. The association between the SNP genotypes of PRL and reproductive traits was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, following the GLM procedure of SAS. The genotypic effects on the reproductive traits were determined using regression analysis. Results: This study successfully amplified a polymerase chain reaction product of 190 bp, which was used to identify the SNP. Results indicated that PRL in ILDs is polymorphic. A SNP was found at position 164 nt (c.164G >A), consisting of three different genotypes, namely, GG, GA, and AA. The genotypes of Tegal and Magelang (F0), and Gallang (F1) populations were not in H-W equilibrium. The Maggal population (F1) was in H-W equilibrium. Significant associations were detected between the genotypes and EP in all ILDs (p<0.01), following a regression line of y=2.337x+64.605, with a determination coefficient of 0.0188 (r=0.14). Conclusion: PRL can be recommended as a candidate gene for reproductive traits in ILD, especially EP.

Santosa S, Sutarno, Purwanto E, Suranto, Sajidan. 2018. Molecular characterization of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria using 16S rRNA sequences in the organic rice field of Sukorejo Village, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 2157-2162. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) are rhizosphere bacteria that can be utilized to increase plant growth and suppress plant diseases. PGPR concentrate on the concept of sustainable agriculture due to their role as biostimulant by synthesizing and regulating the concentration of various phytohormones and as biofertilizers. It is important to determine the original PGPR found in the roots of rice plants. This study aimed to identify PGPR based on 16S rRNA sequences. The bacterial strain was isolated from the rhizospheric soil of IR 64 organic and inorganic rice fields in the region of Sragen District, Central Java, Indonesia. The bacterial isolates were grown on the Luria Bertani (LB) Agar Medium. There were 10 colonies obtained with different morphological variations, nine of those were from the organic rice field. Molecular characterization using 16R rRNA sequences suggested the identity the nine isolates were of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain RI-98-1, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain S431, Bacillus subtilis strain CEB2, Bacillus cereus strain ATCC 14579 clone EA195, S. maltophilia strain 5517, Exiguobacterium acetylicum strain SSA-3, Serratia nematodiphila strain HC4, Bacillus cereus strain ANP221, and Acinetobacter junii strain M. pstv. 21.4 Pseudomonas and Bassilus produce phytohormones (auxins) and convert inorganic phosphate to organic and Stenotropomonas can increase the growth of Acinetobacter and Exigobacterium as phosphate solvents in the soil.

The study aims to know the biodiversity and community structure of marine tunicate in Samalona waters. The present study is part of biodiversity assessment for marine resources of Sangkarang Archipelago SW Makassar Indonesia. Field campaign was conducted from October to November 2016. Sample collection was done at 3 and 7 m depth by using Line Intersection Transect (LIT) method combined with a quadrat (plot). Two 50 m transects were placed parallel to a shore line at three stations (sta.) at Samalona waters. A quadrat (plot) (2.5 m x 2.5 m) was placed side by side of the line transect and all tunicates in the transect was recorded, identified, counted and photographed. Samples were collected by using SCUBA and under water camera. Environmental parameters including water temperatue, salinity, dissolved oxygen, clarity, current and wind speed, were measured in situ. Data were analysed using ecological indices including species composition and density, Shanon Wienner species diversity, Evenness, and Morisita Indices. The result indicates that there are 18 species of tunicates present at 3 m as well as 7 m depth of Samalona waters.. Result of the ecological analysis shows that species diversity can be categorized as moderate and there were no dominant species. Environmental parameters indicates that water quality at Samalona waters was in good condition to support tunicates.

Analisis Keragaman Jenis Serangga Herbivora di Areal Persawahan Kelurahan Tamalanrea Kota Makassar. Serangga herbivora merupakan salah satu kelompok serangga pemakan tumbuhan yang dapat menimbulkan kerusakan pada tanaman sehingga dapat menurunkan produktivitas tanaman yang dihasilkan pada suatu area. Persawahan adalah salah satu tempat yang digunakan oleh serangga untuk hidup dan berkembang biak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman jenis serangga herbivore di areal persawahan Kelurahan Tamalanrea Kota Makassar. Penentuan lokasi sampling dengan metode transek garis yang dibagi kedalam lima plot. Sampling serangga dilakukan dengan metode pengamatan visual, jaring ayun, dan perangkap lampu. Hasil penelitian diperoleh sebanyak 13 spesies serangga herbivora yang termasuk ke dalam 8 famili dan 4 ordo. Mayoritas serangga yang diperoleh adalah serangga peloncat daun (leafhopper), contoh : Nephotettix nigropicus (Stal), Nephotettix virescens (Distant), Cofana spectra (Distant), dan Recilia dorsalis Motsh (Cicadellidae). Serangga yang paling sedikit diperoleh adalah kepik hijau Nezara viridula (L) (Pentatomidae). Hasil penelitian diperoleh nilai indeks keanekaragaman jenis (H') serangga herbivora sebesar 2.38 dapat diartikan bahwa tingkat keanekaragaman jenis serangga herbivora di areal persawahan tergolong kategori sedang. Kata kunci : serangga herbivora, tanaman padi, keanekaragaman

Teak Tectona grandis Linn is still used as the main product in the form of wood, while other products, especially environmental services have not received much attention. This study analyzed biomass, carbon stocks and decomposition rate of leaf litter in teak plantations in city forest of Hasanuudin University, Makassar. The individual biomass of teak plants is calculated using the allometric equation, Y=0.11x ρ x D2.62. Carbon stocks were analyzed using a formulation, C=0.47xB. The leaf litter decomposition rate is expressed as the ratio of the remaining litter dry weight, with the formulation, X= (A-B)/A. The number of teak plants in 5 sample plots were 239 trees with an average stem diameter of 20.6cm and an average height of 9.02m. Total biomass in 5 sample plots was 51,712.61g. Carbon stock in 5 sample plots was 24,304.92g. Decomposition rate average of leaf litter of 24.4g during 60 days incubation. The existence of teak plantations is able to reduce CO2 in the atmosphere by as much as 89,199.06gCO2 and resulting in a decomposition rate of teak leaf litter 0.4g per day

The objective of this study was to determine the characteristics and composition of soft cheese manufactured from goat milk, which contained probiotic bacteria, and stored at different temperatures for up to 90 days. Soft cheese was manufactured from fresh Indonesian Etawah goat milk, with a mix starter culture containing Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium longum (1:1). Animal rennet was added to facilitate curding. Fresh cheese produced was wrapped in linen clothes and stored under two different temperature conditions, which were high temperature (H:13-15oC) and low temperature (L: 8-10oC) for up to 90 days.  Results showed that goat cheese was characterized as soft with mild goaty flavor, contained no less than 108 CFU of probiotic lactic acid bacteria, pH of 4.6, 0.5% free fatty acid, 57% moisture, crude 15% crude protein, 22% total fat and 2.5% mineral. Cheese underwent dehydration during storage which caused an increase in the relative proportion of protein, fat and mineral. The evolution of cheese’s pH, titratable acidity and composition was partly affected by storage temperature. At the end of storage periods (90 days) goat cheese was characterized as semi hard and, on average, contained 1.3-1.5% titratable acidity, pH of 4.94-4.95, 31.22-37.06% moisture, 24.59-24.09% crude protein, 33.51-36.17% total fat, and 5.64-5.53% minerals.. Cheese stored at high temperature has slight growth of mold at its surface, which was anormal condition during for cheese ripening. In conclusion, acceptable characteristics and composition of probiotic-containing cheese can be manufactured from milk of Indonesian Etawah goats and stored at temperature of 8-10oC for 90 days.