Activity monitors are frequently used to assess activity in many settings. But as technology advances, so do the mechanisms used to estimate activity causing a continuous need to validate newly developed monitors. The purpose of this study was to examine the step count validity of the Yamax Digiwalker SW-701 pedometer (YX), Omron HJ-720 T pedometer (OP), Polar Active accelerometer (PAC) and Actigraph gt3x+ accelerometer (AG) under controlled and free-living conditions. Participants completed five stages of treadmill walking (n = 43) and a subset of these completed a 3-day free-living wear period (n = 37). Manually counted (MC) steps provided a criterion measure for treadmill walking, whereas the comparative measure during free-living was the YX. During treadmill walking, the OP was the most accurate monitor across all speeds (±1.1% of MC steps), while the PAC underestimated steps by 6.7-16.0% per stage. During free-living, the OP and AG counted 97.5% and 98.5% of YX steps, respectively. The PAC overestimated steps by 44.0%, or 5,265 steps per day. The Omron pedometer seems to provide the most reliable and valid estimate of steps taken, as it was the best performer under lab-based conditions and provided comparable results to the YX in free-living. Future studies should consider these monitors in additional populations and settings.
Trunk and core muscular development has been advocated to increase athletic performance and for maintenance of musculoskeletal health, especially related to the prevention of low back pain (LBP). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a simple core conditioning routine on tests of trunk and core muscular endurance in school-aged children. Participants included 164 students (86 girls, 78 boys; mean age, 11.5 ± 2.5 years) recruited from a grade school in a metropolitan area located in the southwestern United States. Students performed an equipment-free, moderate-to-high intensity, dynamic core conditioning warm-up routine once a week for a period of 6 weeks during the start of their physical education classes. The intervention consisted of 10 different dynamic core conditioning exercises performed at a 30-second duration per exercise totaling 5 minutes per session. Pre- and post-assessments of muscular endurance consisted of 5 different trunk and core muscular endurance tests: Parallel Roman Chair Dynamic Back Extension, Prone Plank, Lateral Plank, Dynamic Curl-Up, and Static Curl-up. A generalized estimation equation was used to analyze differences in pre- and post-intervention muscular fitness assessments controlling for gender and grade level. Analysis of the data revealed significant increases in muscular fitness test performance for each of the 5 measured outcomes (p < 0.001). Because risk factors of LBP are thought to commence during childhood, results of this study suggest that it may be desirable for children and adolescents to perform moderate-to-high intensity dynamic core exercises during physical education warm-up to improve trunk and core muscular endurance.
Evidence strongly supports a positive, causal effect of physical activity on bone strength and suggests long-term benefits of childhood physical activity to the prevention of osteoporosis. The contribution of healthy bone development in youth is likely to be as important to fracture prevention as the amount of late adulthood bone loss. Families, schools (particularly physical education), and communities are key settings for health promotion focused on bone-enhancing physical activity. However, little research has explored the topic of health promotion and physical education as they pertain to bone health, so best practices are not known. Based on our understanding of the literature, we present the top 10 research questions in health promotion and physical education that should be answered to advance bone-enhancing physical activity in children and adolescents.
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