Highway expansion improves the quality of existing roads and enhances the connectivity between prime economic centres. The escalating traffic and need to bolster the economic capability of the area leads to the expansion of highways. Moreover, the accession activity disturbs the ecosystem and induces myriad changes in the surrounding panorama. Also, it affects both abiotic and biotic components, directly and indirectly. Thus, to know and predict the impact on the environment and socio-economic conditions of the residents, Environment Impact Assessment of National Highways is imperative. Therefore, this paper reviews the influence of highway expansion on air, water and soil quality and the socio-economic conditions and health of the natives.
Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) is one of the proven anticipatory and legislative tool used to predict the environmental consequences of any development project. It is a decision making tool used to anticipate and quantify the positive and negative impact of a proposed development project on environment consisting of a social, economic and biophysical aspects. The purpose of the assessment to assist decision makers in considering the environmental impacts of proposed project when deciding whether to proceed with a project. Numerous EIA methodologies have been developed such as Interaction Matrices, Network, Checklist, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Although, there are number of studies on EIA methodologies to identify their strength and weakness, the adequacy of impact assessment methodologies was evaluated in terms of specific criteria like impact identification, impact communication and impact interpretation. A review on these EIA methodologies and their adoption has been presented in the current study. The aim of this review paper is to find out that, which method we can use to assess the environmental assessment of highway road expansion in mountainous regions.
The discharge of industrial waste effluent contains toxic substances which cause serious threat to human health as well as environment. The present study was conducted to determine the isolation and characterization of heavy metal removing Bacteria and its efficacy for removing Pb, Cd, Cu and Ni toxicity. In this study, wastewater samples were collected from different contaminated industrial sites in western Himalayan region. The isolate was recovered on nutrient agar plate supplemented with different concentration of Pb, Cd, Cu and Ni by the standard pour plate method. The isolated strain was characterized on the basis of morphological and biochemical test. The strain was identified as Lysinibacillus sphaericus. After identification heavy metal removal efficacy of the bacterial isolate for lead was 100% (1or 3ppm), 95% (5ppm), 90% (7ppm) and 85% (10 ppm). Heavy metal removal efficacy of the bacterial isolates for Cd was 100% (1ppm, 3ppm), 95% (5 and 7ppm) and 90% (10ppm). Heavy metal removal efficacy of the isolated bacteria for Ni was 100% (1ppm), 96% (3ppm), for 5ppm it removes 92%, 89% at 7ppm and at 10ppm the removal efficacy is 85%. Heavy metal removal efficacy of the isolated bacteria for Cu was 100% at 1ppm concentration, 98% at 3ppm, 94% at 5ppm, 91% at 7ppm and 88% at 10 ppm. The nucleotide sequences of Lysinibacillus sphaericus generated through 16S rDNA technique, the accession number provided to the bacterial sequence is OM904067. This strain was best for heavy metal tolerance and for bioremediation of heavy metal polluted environment.
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