The present report aims to fabricate biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) biocomposite in order to study the effects of sintering temperature on the sintered BCP biocomposite characteristics (phase’s formation, porosity and hardness properties). These effects were quantified using design of experiment (DOE) to develop mathematical models. BCP biocomposite pellets (60 wt% HA) were fabricated using mixing, pressing and sintered at two different temperatures (1100°C and 1250°C). The experiment was run by following the run order suggested by DOE software (Minitab 16) through randomization stage. Results show that sintering temperature will affect the formation of α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) and the porosity of the samples. The formation of α-TCP phases will reduce the hardness value of BCP biocomposite.
Titanium oxycarbonitride (TiOxCyNz) produced from Malaysian ilmenite consists of impurities such as iron that adversely affect the efficiency of chlorination process. In this paper, the dissolution of iron present in TiOxCyNz was performed using ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) solution at 70 °C from 4-6 hrs. Effects of acid concentration, catalyst amount and leaching time on the rate of iron dissolution were also investigated. Microstructural and/or morphological studies of the raw materials, and products were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis. The results obtained from SEM/EDX analysis for the reduced samples HR15 (15% Polystyrene (PS) + 85% coal (C)), HR25 (25% PS + 75% C) and HR35 (35% PS + 65% C) showed that most of the Titanium oxycarbonitrides were found in the circular shape with increase grain coarsening. Iron dissolution was accelerated with acid concentrations and it increased with increasing leaching time from 4 to 6 hrs. The results also showed that the percentage of Fe removed from titanium oxycarbonitride was ~ 76.85% at 70 °C for 6 hrs with the PS/C ratio of 0.18 and 1 wt. % of glucose as catalyst.
In this work, the effect of the milling speed on the properties of biodegradable Mg-1Mn alloy prepared by mechanical alloying was investigated. The magnesium-based alloy was prepared in solid state route using a high energy planetary mill. A mixture of pure magnesium and manganese powder was mechanically alloyed for 5 hours in argon atmosphere. Milling process was performed at various rotational speeds in order to investigate milling speed effect (i.e., 100, 200, 300 and 400 rpm) on phase formation and bulk properties. The as-milled powder was uniaxially compacted by cold pressing under 400 MPa at room temperature and sintered in argon atmosphere at 500 °C for an hour. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that a single α-Mg phase was formed in magnesium matrix after sintering process. An increase in milling speed up to 300 rpm resulted in an increase in density and hardness of the binary alloy. The changes of bulk properties of the Mg-Mn alloys were correlated to the formation of solid solution phase and a reduction of porosity which led to an increasing in densification.
Reduction of iron oxide by hydrogen is important in the production of direct reduced iron. This method of iron production is gaining increasing significance as an alternative route to the blast furnace technology with the many difficult issues facing the latter, the most important being the problem related to environmental. In order to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases CO2, particularly for iron making, the production of Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) using hydrogen as the reducing gas instead of carbon monoxide is being considered. Reduction of pure hematite by hydrogen was studied at the laboratory scale, varying the experimental conditions like temperature (700oC and 800oC) and porosity (20% and 40%). Then, a Kinetic Modelling was conducted using Matlab software based on independently measured physical and thermodynamic properties of the reaction system and experimentally measured properties of the reactant solid (Fe2O3), gas phase (H2) and reactant product (Fe). There is a gap that occurs between the predicted result and the experimental result although the model explicated the trend and the behaviour of the reduction rate of Ferric Oxide and indicated a good homogeneity to the experimental conditions used in this research.
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