Generally, the higher education institutions and students have been significantly increased from year to years in order to meet the needs of global labor and develop the country's economy better. On the other hand, they also carry out teaching, research, community service, and commercial activities. This diversity of activities creates more risks diverse and complex as well as a wealth of opportunities for higher education institutions. A solution considered is by implementing the risk management as a new concept to understand and manage the risks associated with those activities and making new opportunities, is challenging and critical to preserving and protecting reputation, and resources of institutions. This article discussed the importance of the role of risk management and to implement a risk-management program in higher education institutions that have high expectations as a world-class education institution. The risk-management program is also more optimal if it supported by a good communication between all leaders and staffs in the organizational environment.
Abstract-Industrial internship program (IIP) has been widely recognized in many developed countries. This program has shown a contribution to the improvement of labor market outcomes for their country's economic development. This is demonstrated by the quality of job performance of vocational education graduates in the workplace. One of IIP successes is because it has implemented effectively by vocational education and industries supported by the government to provide employability skills to their students. Indonesia as one of the developing countries has also implemented IIP in vocational education both at the levels of higher education and high school, but this program indicated that the contribution of IIP was very minimal to provide work experience directly to the students. This is happening because of different understanding between education and industry how to develop IIP for preparing students' employability skills. Furthermore, to solve this issue, an understanding to develop sustainable IIP in Indonesia will be explained in this paper.
Various efforts have been made by the government in improving the quality of vocational education in Indonesia. However, some research has been conducted by overseas institutions shows that the quality of teachers and graduates of vocational education still low performance. In order to address this issue, researchers used literature review to provide a solution regarding what is needed to be understood for becoming actual vocational education teachers in the 21st century. The aim of this study is teachers in vocational education must have competencies to produce competitive and competent graduates of vocational education in Indonesia with the needs of the labor market in the global market. In Indonesia, the study recommends that to become a professional vocational teacher of the 21st century, they must understand the foundations of vocational teacher's education, the competences of vocational teachers of the 21st century, the processes of vocational teacher education, and update knowledge and skills for competencies of vocational teachers according to industrial needs.
The problem of increasing unemployment in current Indonesia arises from high school graduates of both vocational high schools (VHS) and general high schools (Non-VHS). VHS have a greater number of graduates than Non-VHS. Non-VHS graduates have the ability to survive and get better position for a long time. Why are Non-VHS graduates better than VHS graduates? This condition requires an evaluation of the labor market outcomes between the two graduates in order to improve the quality of high school graduates as expected. For this purpose, this paper makes an identification of indicators for measuring the labor market outcomes in Indonesia. Based on the literature review method, there are three key educational indicators: the number of graduates, unemployment, and the employment absorption rate by the criterion of the type of educational institution. Finally, these indicators can be used to improve the economy of Indonesian society in the future.
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