Low energy nanoemulsion preparation is an effective method in nanosized droplets formation. The composition and ratio of each phase played key role in formulation of low energy nanoemulsion. This present work is aimed to optimize, formulate and evaluate low-energy nanoemulsions using D-Optimal Mixture Design (DMD). The independent variables were grape seed oil as oil phase (X1) and Tween 80:PEG (X2) as surfactant-cosurfactant (S-mix) and water as aquaeous phase (X3). The response (dependent) variables were particles size (Y1), polydispersity index (PDI) (Y2) and zeta potential (Y3). The low energy nanoemulsions were prepared using Phase Inversion Composition (PIC). The ontained data experiments were analyzed by ANOVA analyses showed a significant model for particle size response following the quadratic model. Three optimum formulas were obtained and verification between prediction and observation of the responses bias (%) was less than 10%. The low-energy nanoemulsion of grape seed oil can be can be optimized using D-Optimal Mixture Design (DMD) and prepared using Phase Inversion Composition (PIC) technique.
The most popular intravenous general anaesthesia for both induction and maintenance for almost every surgery is propofol [1]. Propofol has several advantages, such as a fast onset of 15-20 seconds, minimal post-operative nausea and vomiting, and a short recovery time of 2-10 minutes [2]. Propofol also has some side effects, such as soreness at the time of injection and hypotension [3]. Propofol is formulated as an emulsion that has a milky white colour and a rather thick texture; it has a pH of 7 to 8.5 and has high solubility in oil (i.e., lipophilic) [4]. Propofol is formulated as a macroemulsion with soybean oil (100 mg mL-1), lecithin (12 mg mL-1), and glycerol (22.5 mg mL-1) that can easily become unstable [5]. Propofol is available as 1% and 2% concentrations in emulsions. Propofol 1% in a vial consists of 200 mg of the drug (10 mg mL-1 in a volume of 20 mL) [6]. Meanwhile, the dosage of propofol needed for anaesthesia induction is 1.5-2.5 mg kg-1 of body mass; thus, in general, an adult patient only needs 75-125 mg, meaning that one vial can be used for 2-3 patients [7]. Therefore, in daily practice, propofol emulsion is often divided into preparations and is stored for more than 24 hours, which may alter the stability of the original formula. In addition, propofol is often administered along with other IV drugs through the same line, which can induce incompa tibility.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.