This study analyzed the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of three mango varieties (Harumanis, Tong Dam and Susu) for the discrimination of authentic Harumanis from other mangoes. The VOCs of these mangoes were extracted and analysed nondestructively using Head Space-Solid Phase Micro Extraction (HS-SPME) coupled to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Prior to the analytical method, two simple sensory analyses were carried out to assess the ability of the consumers to differentiate between the Harumanis and Tong Dam mangoes as well as their preferences towards these mangoes. On the other hand, chemometrics techniques, such as principal components analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), and discriminant analysis (DA), were used to visualise grouping tendencies of the volatile compounds detected. These techniques were successful in identifying the grouping tendencies of the mango samples according to the presence of their respective volatile compounds, thus enabling the identification of the groups of substances responsible for the discrimination between the authentic and unauthentic Harumanis mangoes. In addition, three ocimene compounds, namely beta-ocimene, trans beta-ocimene, and allo-ocimene, can be considered as chemical markers of the Harumanis mango, as these compounds exist in all Harumanis mango, regardless the different sources of the mangoes obtained.
Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) is a hardy crop that has wide industrial applications such as insulator, paper, carpet padding, bedding and a good adsorbent for oil. This study investigated the ability of carbon disulfide (CS2) modified kenaf (CMK) to remove toxic Pb (II) from waste water. Adsorbent characterization was carried out by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscope (FESEM-EDX) analysis. The adsorption kinetic data was well described by pseudo-second-order model and the adsorption isotherm study indicated that Langmuir model fitted well with the experimental data than the Freundlich model. Based on the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacities of Pb (II) (qmax) was 63.3 mg g-1 .This study suggested that CMK has a good potential to be used as an adsorbent material for Pb (II) removal from aqueous solutions.
Online solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography (online SPE-LC) with diode array detector (DAD) was used to obtain the chromatographic fingerprint of bioactive compounds of pineapple (Ananas comosus L.). The extracts from 40 samples of three different varieties of pineapple (Morris, MD2, and Josaphine) were obtained using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) prior to separation using online SPE-LC. The SPE-LC method was optimized and validated and applied to 40 pineapple samples of those three varieties. Seven bioactive compounds identified include catechin, epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, myricetin, and bromelain. For varietal discrimination, the relative areas of 16 selected peaks were subjected to chemometric techniques. The three pineapple varieties were successfully discriminated using cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA).
This study analyzed the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of four different pineapple varieties (MD2, Sarawak, Josephine and Morris). Head Space-Solid Phase Micro Extraction (HS-SPME) was used to extract the VOCs of those pineapples using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Analysis of pineapples extracts identified many types of VOCS including esters, alcohols, terpenes, aldehydes, ketones, saturated hydrocarbons and phenols. Thirtyfive selected VOCs were used for varietal discrimination using chemometrics techniques namely principal components analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA) and discriminant analysis (DA). The application of PCA and CA was able to group the pineapple samples according to their varieties based on their respective VOCs. Standard mode DA had discriminated the samples with 98.75% correctness using all 35 VOCs. The identification of significant compounds found in the studied samples was successfully confirmed (p<0.05) by PCA. The total variance of PC1 and PC2 is 63.34% exhibiting that the ester compounds show strong and moderate loading values. One of the unique identifiers is the presence of β-Myrcene with a loading value 0.93 found in PC1 where it is described as pleasant terpenes odor and balsamic descriptor. GCMS and chemometric techniques provided meaningful chemically quantitative data.
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