New requirements in communication technologies make it imperative to rehash conventional features such as reconfigurable antennas to adapt with the future adaptability advancements. This paper presents a comprehensive review of reconfigurable antennas, specifically in terms of radiation patterns for adaptation in the upcoming Fifth Generation (5G) New Radio frequency bands. They represent the key of antenna technology for materializing a high rate transmission, increased spectral and energy efficiency, reduced interference, and improved the beam steering and beam shaping, thereby land a great promise for planar antennas to boost the mid-band 5G. This review begins with an overview of the underlying principals in reconfiguring radiation patterns, followed by the presentations of the implemented innovative antenna topologies to suit particular advanced features. The various adaptation techniques of radiation pattern reconfigurable planar antennas and the understanding of its antenna design approaches has been investigated for its radiation pattern enhancement. A variety of design configurations have also been critically studied for their compatibilities to be operated in the midband communication systems. The review provides new insights on pattern reconfigurable antenna where such antennas are categorized as beam steering antenna and beam shaping antennas where the operation modes and purposes are clearly investigated. The review also revealed that for mid-band 5G communication, the commonly used electronic switching such as PIN diodes have sufficient isolation loss to provide the required beam performance.
This paper presents a software-based design of an ultra-wideband slot antenna that is applicable for wireless applications. Due to introduction of polygonal wide slot in the ground plane, the ultra-wideband has been achieved. The battery slot and rectangular shapes are implemented to improve S11, operating bandwidth range and radiation pattern of antenna. The optimal dimensions of the presented antenna are 45mm × 45mm × 1.565mm and is simulated on FR-4 substrate with relative permittivity of 4.3 and loss tangent of 0.025. The proposed antenna shows wide impedance bandwidth of 4.56GHz (104%) ranging0 from 2.08GHz to 6.64GHz that covers WLAN and WIMAX application.
A low-profile and broad steerable patch array antenna is presented. The improvement of the multi-directional functions from the broadside is very limited for the patch array antenna. In this work, the number of directional beams is enhanced by 40% using a novel approach, inter-parasitic element expansion technique and adopted only four PIN diode switches. Results in simulation and measurement have verified that the patch parasitic array antenna is capable -of generating seven beam patterns directed towards -52 • , -30 • , -10 • , 0 • , +10 • , +30 • , and +52 • at the xz-plane. Applying the inter-parasitic element spacing's optimization and minimizing the switching circuitry using four RF PIN diodes on the parasitic elements have contributed to the gain achievement of more than 7 dBi.INDEX TERMS Antenna and propagation, multi-directional antenna, reconfigurable antenna.
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