Vernacular is said to be derived from the Latin term vernaculus which means domestic or local which means 'place'. However, in this context, the vernacular traditions clearly emphasize the conditions, local materials, environment and behavior as well as local customs that focus on traditional Malay society. This is reflected in the architecture that can be studied with the senses dependent on the thoughts and views of the community. Among them is the architecture of old Malay building. Research vernacular aspect of old Malay architecture displays a close link exists or affinity with nature and the community trust, which is the main source of living of the people. In fact, the nature and confidence in ensuring the community's ability to meet the objectives of old Malay income, as a protective domain, not only of the current situation, even include descriptions of culture. In this case, the old Malay architecture have been identified in the text of the Malay historiography, historical documentation as the material of the Malays. Hence, to highlight the description of the vernacular architecture of the old Malay, research will be conducted on the texts, intended to show the relationship of the Malay community with nature and belief, thus explaining its ability to meet the objectives of the production building old Malay, include their role as protectors of the current situation and highlights the value of Malay culture.
Cities are treated as cultural artefacts that could showcase the achievements of a kingdom and highlight the civilisational elements of its people. At the same time, cities are posited as one example of Malay architecture, whose role in the everyday lives of the Malay society is examined. These observations are made upon the study of the role of cities from the architectural aspect, which includes layout and design, raw materials, and amenities that are featured in a city. In fact, cities are often the subject matter of traditional texts including Malay historiography. Informed by this approach, this article focuses on two objectives, namely identifying the design and building materials of old Malay cities and explaining the role of the city. Based on two historiographical texts, this study finds that old Malay cities were built using similar designs although other variables like building materials, time, and place of construction changed. The cities' infrastructure also made use of natural resources that were readily available in the surroundings. Additionally, the design and choice of building materials of old Malay cities play defining roles in turning the cities into fortress-cities and secure settlements, and even in the naming of the cities. It is hoped that this paper will contribute towards diversifying perspectives and source materials in the study of urban worldviews as well as enriching the cultural heritage of the Malay society.
Natural elements in a landscape refer to elements that are naturally present in the landscape. These elements contribute towards creating an aesthetic landscape ecology, which is a landscape that can fulfil the needs of its inhabitants, including security requirements. Traditional Malay landscapes are not behind in this aspect with their natural terrain, water sources, as well as flora and fauna. However, Malay communities today are largely unaware of Malay landscapes, which has resulted in an undefined vision of what Malay landscapes constitute of, and rendered Malay landscapes weaker compared to others. Moreover, studies on landscapes in Malay manuscripts still have not been receiving due attention despite traditional Malay society's refined skills in choosing and building their own landscapes to the point that it has become a local wisdom. Following this, using library research and the application of the Landscape Aesthetic Theory, this article will identify natural elements in Malay landscapes and explain security elements in them based on the Sulalatus Salatin, Syair Siti Zubaidah Perang China and Hikayat Patani. This manuscript which has been recognised as a Full Registered Heritage and contains pertinent information regarding the subject at hand. There are three types of natural elements in traditional Malay landscapes based on the text, namely highlands, sources of water, and flora and fauna. All three natural elements are seen as security features that protect inhabitants from threats and danger. Therefore, it is hoped that the results of this study could showcase the local wisdom of Malay communities, and consequently become a guide for expanding studies on landscapes based on Malay manuscripts.
The design of Malay buildings that are built in diverse forms, based on three main paragraphs, which are the roof, walls and pillars are to fulfill various interests, in line with the community's lifestyle. For the Malay community, Islam has a great influence in the forming of a lifestyle, which then becomes the guide and practice of the audience. Similarly, Malay building designs, featuring designs that is related to the Islamic lifestyle. Islamic values the women's rights, as the teachings place women in a high and noble position. It is also emphasized on the creation of Malay building designs, while indirectly acknowledging the importance of women in domestic institutions. In fact, this can be examined through the Malay manuscripts, as the main source of references in examining the Malay architectural buildings and design of. Therefore, this article examines the selected Malay manuscripts in order to present the design of Malay architectural buildings, which portrays Muslim woman's lifestyle through Malik Bennabi's Cultural Theory.
Animal stories put forth the animal characters such as Sang Kancil, Sang Harimau, Sang Rusa and Sang Buaya as the characters that lead a life in the forest. Often times, these characters are portrayed as human beings that capable of speaking, thinking, articulating and doing things a human being used to do. Therefore, animal characters are also not escapable from having myriad of conflicts and problems as real human beings do. On the other note, animal stories are prone in displaying intelligent character such as Sang Kancil that has ecumenical ability to resolve problems and conflicts by the employment of diversified tricks to accomplish its goals. This paper will study two main focuses which are identifying and analyzing the applied mechanism by animal characters from Hikayat Sang Kancil and Kumpulan Cerita Sang Kancil as the research data. The methodology of this research employed the qualitative approaches that were library research and research data analysis. The meticulous analysis conducted revealed that an animal character that is Sang Kancil employed the flora and fauna elements as the mechanisms to solve problems and conflicts and the impacts were observable in the positive manner for each problem solved. Hence, humans are benefitted to observe examples and lessons from the animal intelligentsia in resolving conflicts and problems.
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