Water quality and waste management are significant problems for aquaculture in Indonesia, including catfish (Clarias gariepinus) aquaculture. A combination of Aquaponics Systems and Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (A-RAS) has been developed to address this problem. This study analyzed A-RAS application for catfish (Clarias gariepinus) aquaculture by comparing water quality and production indicators between A-RAS and conventional methods. The results show that temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, total organic matter, ammonia, nitrate and nitrite in A-RAS technology were 28.0-30.0°C, 6.5-7.9, 3.8-7.8 mg/L, 18.54-24.97 mg/L, 0.12- 0.28 mg/L, 0.12-0.13 mg/L, and 0.04-0.13 mg/L, respectively. Survival Rate, Feed Conversion Ratio, and harvest in A-RAS application were 85.5%, 1.1, and 26 kg/m³, respectively. A-RAS technology can maintain water quality to be reused in cultivation and increase yields by about 13%. Besides, water spinach can be an additional income for farmers.
The reaction of o-methylphenylnitrene in the presence of alcohol and amine was expected to give isomeric pairs of 3- and 7-methyl-3H-azepine derivatives. The formation ratio between these isomers was found to be obviously influenced by reaction temperature, that is, reaction at 150 °C gave 7-methyl-3H-azepine derivative, however, it became minor under 70 °C in both media. The ratio between 3- and 7-methyl derivatives is explained by a scheme of kinetic- and thermodynamic-controlled product distribution from o-methylphenylnitrene to 3- and 7-methyldehydroazepine intermediates which are trapped by nucleophilic media to give 3- and 7-methyl-3H-azepine derivatives.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.