BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThe 6–23 months for infants is the longest period in the “first 1,000 days” of life. This period is very important for child development, so complementary feeding (CF) practices should be optimized to maximize children's potential for growth and development. The aim of this study was to analyze the CF practices and nutritional status of children aged 6–23 months.SUBJECTS/METHODSFor this cross-sectional study, 392 children aged 6–23 months were selected using stratified random sampling. Socio-demographic data were collected through interviews. CF practices, collected by interviews and repeated 24-hour food recall method, were the timely introduction of CF, minimum meal frequency, dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet, consumption food rich in proteins and vitamin A. Nutritional status was assessed using the indicators of underweight, wasting and stunting. To analyze the association between socio-demographic indicators and CF with nutritional status, the chi-square test with a confidence interval of 95% was used.RESULTSResults showed that 39% were exclusively breastfed, only 61% received prolonged breastfeeding and 50% received timely introduction of CF. Minimum meal frequency was met by 74% of subjects, but dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet were only realized in 50% and 40% of the children, respectively. The prevalence of underweight, wasting, and stunting were 26%, 23%, and 28%, respectively. Age of the child, birth order, birth weight, parents' education level, family size and incidence of fever and diarrhea during the previous two weeks were associated with underweight, while child's birth order, fathers' education level, mother's age, family size, completion of the age-appropriate vaccination and fish consumption frequency were associated with wasting. Age of the child, incidence of fever and acute respiratory infection, and fortified food consumption were associated with stunting.CONCLUSIONSSuboptimal CF practices and high prevalence of underweight, wasting and stunting were found among children aged 6–23 months old in Aceh. These results highlight the need to improve CF and nutritional status.

The development of nutrition education media based on android and website and the effects on behavior about balanced nutrition in primary school students

The diet of Indonesian women of childbearing age is relatively poor, posing increased risk for suboptimal pregnancy outcome. In a cross-sectional study including 403 women in three economic quintiles (Q), we investigated differences in dietary intake and nutrition sufficiency according to economic status and whether regular dietary intakes of pregnant women (PW, n 203) differ from that of pre-pregnant women (PPW, n 200). Dietary intake data were collected using 2 × 24 h dietary recall and FFQ. Energy, protein, Fe, Ca, Zn, vitamin A and vitamin C intakes were calculated utilising Food Composition Tables and compared with Indonesian recommendations for adequacy. Energy and protein intakes <70 % and Fe, Ca, Zn, vitamin A and vitamin C intakes <77 % of the local recommendation were considered insufficient. A higher intake of milk/dairy products (Q3, Q4), fruits and vegetables (Q2) and snacks (Q3) in PW was observed compared with PPW, but insufficient to meet nutrient requirements. Nutrient intake calculations showed insufficiency in 26 % of PPW for protein and up to 70 % for Fe. Deficient nutrient intakes in PW were found in 49 % of the subjects for energy and up to 85 % for Fe. Energy and protein intakes decreased with decreasing economic quintiles in PPW and PW. Ca and vitamin A intakes were lower in Q2 compared with Q4. The proportion of animal protein in Q2-PW was low (31 %). Biochemical status parameters in a subset showed that anaemia and Fe and Zn deficiencies were prevalent among PPW and PW. Habitual diets in the study area did not meet the nutrient requirements for both PPW and PW across the investigated economic groups.Key words: Pregnant women: Pre-pregnant women: Food intakes: Nutrient intakes: Micronutrient intakes Maternal nutrition is a fundamental determinant of fetal growth, birth weight and infant morbidity; poor nutrition often leads to longterm, irreversible and detrimental consequences to the fetus (1) . Although government policies and programmes in Indonesia address nutrition among children (<5 years) and pregnant women (PW), 12·3 % of the Indonesian women are yet underweight (2) . The prevalence of anaemia and chronic energy deficiency in women (>15 years old) is 19·7 and 13·6 %, respectively (3) . Among Indonesian PW, anaemia and micronutrient deficiencies (folic acid, Zn, vitamin A, vitamin B 12 ) are quite high (40-50 %), which may lead to poor pregnancy outcomes. Earlier studies from Indonesia have shown an inadequate intake of food and several nutrients by PW (4)(5)(6) . Women are undernourished in the first trimester of the pregnancy and have an insufficient weight gain during pregnancy (79 %) (7) . Nutritional status during pregnancy not only puts the mother 'at risk' but is also a risk factor for the infant being born with low birth weight (LBW: 9-11 % in Indonesia) (8) .There are limited recent data on the nutritional status of women of reproductive age in Indonesia. Thus, the aim of the present cross-sectional study conducted in Bogor municipality, West Java, Indonesia, was ...

The way in which women accommodate for their increased nutritional needs during the lactation period is poorly investigated. In a crosssectional study involving 220 lactating women (LW), equally distributed in economic quintiles (Q2, Q3, Q4), we investigated whether habitual dietary intake of LW differed from that of 200 pre-pregnant women (PPW) studied using the same methodology. Differences in dietary intake and nutrition sufficiency according to economic status were also investigated. Dietary intake data were collected using 2 × 24-h dietary recalls and FFQ. Energy, protein, Fe, Ca, Zn and vitamins A and C intakes were calculated utilising local food composition tables and were compared against Indonesian recommendations for adequacy. Energy and protein intakes <70 % of the recommendation and Fe, Ca, Zn and vitamins A and C intakes <77 % of the recommendation were considered insufficient. Except for Zn, dietary intakes of all studied nutrients were higher in LW compared with PPW. However, for all studied nutrients, dietary intake was insufficient in >25 % of LW. For Q2-LW, this proportion was >50 %, except for protein. LW across all studied economic quintiles approximately doubled their vegetable intake, and 71 % of LW indicated a belief that this enhances lactation performance. Biochemical status parameters were analysed in a subset of forty-five women. Anaemia as well as Fe, Zn and Se deficiencies were prevalent among LW, supporting the nutrient intake deficiency data. Despite increasing intakes in LW compared with PPW, habitual diets in the study area do not provide for daily nutrient requirements in substantial proportions for both LW and PPW across all investigated economic groups. Key words: Lactating women: Food intakes: Vegetable intakes: Micronutrient intakesThe most vulnerable groups for malnutrition worldwide are infants, young children and pregnant and lactating women (LW). Among these groups, actual knowledge about nutritional status and potential nutrient insufficiencies in LW is hardly available. Although the literature on relevant physiological adjustments and additional nutritional requirements is extensive (1,2) , the number of dietary assessment studies in LW is limited (3)(4)(5)(6) . Thus, the question on whether and how women change their diet upon lactation is far from being answered and is surely also dependent on culture and socio-economic status.The constant denominator for the actual increased nutritional requirements for LW is the need to produce adequate amounts of breast milk. A variable contribution will be recovery from and replenishment of exhausted nutrient stores after pregnancy and delivery, or an intentional wish to decrease fat stores accumulated during pregnancy (7) . Owing to this variable contribution, several recommendation bodies have made different weightings depending on local or regional factors, and thus arrived at different quantifications of the additional nutrient requirements during lactation.In this contribution, we specifically report on the dietary ...