This empirical study investigates the determinants of CO2 emission in 18 countries of the Middle East and North African region covering the period from 1971 to 2009. The analysis is based on a dynamic panel data model employing the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) technique. The potential determinants of carbon emissions identified are per capita gross domestic product, energy usage, energy consumption from fossil fuel, foreign direct investment, urbanization, industrial production, agricultural production and education level. The results show per capita gross domestic product, energy consumption based on fossil fuel, foreign direct investment and agriculture production have significant impact on the growth of carbon emissions in the region.
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the social and economic well-being of the world. From an economic perspective, nations around the world have been negatively impacted by the pandemic, including Malaysia. Billions of Ringgit Malaysia have been lost, and businesses, especially SMEs, have suffered tremendously. However, the number of online businesses has increased due to the pandemic response that forced people to stay home. Thus, this paper studies the online business phenomenon among SMEs in Malaysia. The study employs a quantitative survey among online business entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Based on the findings, it reveals that of the SMEs in Malaysia that ventured into online business, most were motivated by the pandemic as they saw it as a business opportunity. Surprisingly, the majority of them agreed that the pandemic positively impacted their business and their sustainability.
An airport is one of the country's infrastructures that provides air transportation services. In providing its services, To ensure aircraft safety, airports must conform to a set of international technical operating standards and planned operating procedures. In addition, airports also have a social responsibility to prevent pollution and support eco green. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a benefit cost analysis using electric ground support equipment in aviation industry, both for using e-GSE using diesel and using e-GSE using electricity. The method used in this research is the Benefit Cost Ratio method. Based on the research results, it shows that the use of e-GSE using both diesel and electricity is feasible because it has an net present value (NPV) value of more than 0. However, when compared with the assumption of 25 years of use, the use of e-GSE using diesel is considered more profitable than using electricity.
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This research aims to develop a model for the implementation of electric ground support equipment (E-GSE) in Indonesia. It employed the qualitative and quantitative method. Data were collected through interviews with airport stakeholders including ground handling, airline and airport experts. The data analysis used the Analytical Network Process (ANP) with Super Decisions software tools. The ANP is a mathematical theory that can be used to analyze the influence of approaches and assumptions used to solve related problems. The key stakeholders from the airlines, ground handling, and airport authority agreed that the critical criteria to implement electric ground support equipment (E-GSE) are emissions standards, pollution sources, limit value, employee exposure, and stationary measurements. The alternative solutions are regulation, company finance, and infrastructure. Those criteria and alternative solutions are in line with the Indonesian government’s regulation, supported by provision of the governor, concerning vehicle tax incentives for electric battery vehicles to support ground handling companies investment in electric ground support equipment (E-GSE) to reduce emissions in airports.
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