Grouper is one of the most economically important fishes with various morphological forms and characteristics, meaning it is often difficult to identify species and distinguish between life stages, sometimes leading to morphological misidentification. Therefore, identification using a molecular deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) approach was needed as an alternative means to identify closely related species. This study aims to determine the molecular phylogeny of grouper from the northern part of the Bird's Head Seascape of Papua. The DNA sequence of each cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene was used to study the molecular relationship among closely related species of grouper. The results showed that there were 16 Epinephelinae that have been compared to a gene bank (National Centre for Biotechnology Information, NCBI) in the sequence length of 623 base pairs. The closest genetic distance was found between Cephalopholis miniata and Cephalopholis sexmaculata (0.036), while the furthest genetic distance was observed between Plectropomus laevis and Cephalopholis spiloparaea (0.247). This finding was further reinforced by the morphological characters of each species. This finding highlighted that five genera were represented as a monophyletic group (clade), i.e., Epinephelus, Cephalopholis, Plectropomus, Saloptia and Variola.
Xylanase is an important hydrolytic enzymes with many application in several industries, but to obtain enzyme derived products is not easy. Thus, the optimization of efficient xylanases production is a great interest for biotechnological application. This study aims to determine the type of substrate, medium composition, and optimum conditions of xylanase production by S. costaricanus 45I-3. Determination of substrate type was done by growing the tested bacteria on birchwood xylan, beechwood xylan, oat spelled xylan, corn cobs xylan, and tobacco xylan substrate, meanwhile the determination of medium composition and enzyme production were done by measuring xylanase activity at various substrate concentration and replacing the carbon, nitrogen, phosphate and surfactants source. The results showed that the highest enzymatic index (EI) produced from corn cob xylan substrate at 3.60 meanwhile the second highest was beechwood xylan substrate at 2.87 EI, however this substrate is purer, thus this substrate was selected and used as xylan sources for further optimization measurement. The best xylanase activity (2.29 U/mL) obtained on eighth day after inoculation on rotary incubator at 120 rpm in 28 ºC. Arabinose as the source of carbon generate the highest activity at 3.161 U/mL meanwhile the most preferred source of phosphate is Na2HPO4 (2.37 U/mL). Both source of nitrogen i.e. nitrogen ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4 and yeast extract were able to produce xylanase at 2.57 and 2.36 U/mL. The addition of surfactant in production medium showed addition of SDS surfactant (0.146 U/mL) and Tween 80 (0.438 U/mL) showed a negative response by decreasing the activity. The conclusion showed that the xylanase activity was increased after optimization at various C, N, and P sources, and the use of nitrogen source (NH4)2SO4), become a more economical alternative to replacing a nitrogen source yeast extract so it can lower the production costs of xylanase enzyme.
This study aimed to isolate and explore the actinomycetes of CIFOR forest origin as an antimicrobial and antifungal agent, to produce an extracellular xylanase, and to identify isolates based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Actinomycetes were isolated using Humic-acid Vitamin-B agar (HV) media. Actinomycetes colonies that grow on the medium HV was subsequently purified by growing them on yeast malt agar (YMA) media), then an antagonistic test of selected bacteria against Bacillus sp., Escherichia coli, Fusarium oxysporum, and Sclerotium sp was performed. Xylanase activity test was detected by observing a clear zone, followed by identification. Total of 35 isolates of actinomycetes isolated based on their colony morphology characteristics and diverse types of spore chains showed Streptomyces spp.
First report of Begomovirus infection on papaya in Bengkulu, Indonesia. A field survey was conducted during 2019, wefound a severe systemic yellow mosaic, striped green mosaic on leaves petiole, green spots on the fruit of papaya, leafmalformation, and stunting symptoms on three papaya cultivation area in Rejang Lebong, Kepahiang, Bengkulu Tengah, andSeluma, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. A begomo-like virus was inferred to be the possible cause of the virus-disease-likesymptoms. The study aimed to identify the causal of those typical symptoms on papaya. PCR using universal primer fortranscriptional activator protein (TrAp) and replication-associated protein (Rep) gene of Begomovirus successfully amplifiedthe DNA fragments of 900 bp in all 10 detected samples, except for samples with leaf malformation and stunting symptoms. Itis indicating that those typical symptoms on papaya is associated with Begomovirus infection, while the causal of leafmalformation and stunting is unknown yet. This work is the first report of Begomovirus infected papaya in Indonesia. Severedisease incidence caused by this pathogen was observed on papaya plants in Bengkulu Province that was in the range of 42–100%. This finding is a precious information to be used for identification, and characterization the species of the virus,determining control strategies against the disease.
Sponges are the subject of interesting antibiotic development studies because the sponges form associations with various microbes and are rich in bioactive compounds. Bacteria associated with sponges are able to produce bioactive compounds, which have the potential to be antimicrobial such as, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral. Antifungal compounds are bioactive compounds that have the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi of Candida albicans. This fungal is an opportunistic pathogen fungi that can cause candidiasis. This study aimed to examine the antifungal activity of bacteria associated Aplysina sp. sponge from Enggano Island, North Bengkulu, Indonesia against Candida albicans. Antagonistic tests were carried out in three stages, by using isolates, pellets and supernatants respectively. The antagonistic assay results showed that four isolates were able to inhibit the growth of the fungus Candida albicans in Vitro, i.e APD3, APD10, APD11 and APD15. The highest inhibitory activity was resulted by APD10 isolate with a clear zone area of 14.9 mm in culture, 14,0 mm in pellets and 15.1 mm in supernatants. The morphological, Gram staining and biochemical characterization showed that the four isolates had a close relationship with the genus of Bacillus.
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