In some agricultural research, a treatment applied to an experimental unit may affect the response in the neighboring experimental units. This phenomenon is known as overlap. In this article, a test to evaluate this effect in the Draper and Guttman model was developed by imposing side conditions on the parameters of a two-way classification model to obtain a re-parameterized model which can be used in different neighboring patterns of experimental units, usually plants within a crop, whenever the nearest neighbor is considered a directly affected experimental unit and the two-way model is used. Three methods, namely maximum likelihood, least squares with side conditions and generalized inverse, were used to estimate the parameters of the original model in order to calculate the value of the test statistics for the null hypothesis associated with the absence of the overlapping effect. The three alternatives were invariant with respect to the use of test. The proposed test is simple to adopt and can be implemented in agronomy since its asymptotic nature is in agreement with the large number of experimental units which generally exist in this type of research, where each plant represents the experimental unit being assessed.
Studies that involve the inventory of weeds are frequently carried out by students and professionals of the agricultural and/or environmental sciences with the principal objective of obtaining information on the distribution pattern, frequency, coverage, density or biodiversity of the species in a studied region. On many occasions, the only purpose consists of identifying those species that are considered important by farmers, perhaps because they are beneficial or because they compete with the crops in production. When the sampling of weeds is done using the quadrat method, some of the species which are present in the cultivated field of interest may not be sampled, meaning they will be absent in the final inventory. The principal objective of this article was to show how the quantity of weeds in an observed sample can be estimated Bayesian estimators, as well as non-parametric estimators, such as Chao 2, Jackknife, of the first and second order, and Bootstrap. The inventory estimation of the weeds using the Bayesian and classical proposals in the case of cultivation of chrysanthemum produced similar results, with 19 species in all of the estimators, except in the Mingoti estimators, which produced 18 weeds.
Today's technology is increasing rapidly, but for the visually impaired people they could not lead their life confidently without depending on others. So we proposed this project for them to identify the text on the product which they hold in their hand. This project mainly consists of three steps first is to take the image of the object and second thing is to extract the required text from the image by character recognition algorithm and finally the extracted text is processed to audio speaker which is audible to the user. This helps to read out the text present on the product package.
La presente investigación se realizó en la Hacienda Santa Rosa, centro genético de ganado Brahman del Táchira, Venezuela. En la investigación se analizó el efecto del Synovex-H sobre la preñez en primíparas de 24 meses de edad. Con el objeto de modelar la relación entre la preñez, el peso , año de monta y la aplicación del implante, se realizó un análisis de regresión logístico exacto utilizando como respuesta el diagnóstico de la preñez. De las variables explicativas, año , peso de monta e implante, resultaron con efecto significativo el peso de monta (p<0,05) y el implante(p<0,1 en la estimación exacta y p<0,05 en la asintótica). Aunque el año del implante no resultó significativo, las novillas incorporadas el año 2004 tuvieron un porcentaje de preñez superior en 8,6 % respecto al 2003. En lo que respecta al implante, se obtuvo porcentajes de preñez de 63,05% para implantadas y de 82,30% en las no implantadas. Este estudio soporta el concepto de que el peso de monta es benéfico sobre la reproducción de las novillas y a la vez muestra como el Synovex H tiene un efecto significativo desfavorable sobre la reproducción.
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