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ABSTRACT:Aiming to evaluate the use of sugarcane industry waste such as byproducts from vinasse concentration process, it was assessed the organomineral fertilizer BIOFOM (concentrated vinasse, filter cake, boiler ash, soot from chimneys and supplemented with mineral fertilizers). The study included characterization and agronomic potential analysis of a test plant (corn), by noting the differences between mineral fertilizers and BIOFOM fertilization until 45 days after sowing. The technology traditionally used to produce BIOFOM was based on vinasse evaporation with high heat transfer coefficients. It was observed that the technology, which can be formulated according to the needs of any crop, could be used in many cases as mineral fertilizer. Therefore, the use of this organomineral fertilizer reduces waste generation of sugarcane industry.

Modelos podem ser usados para investigar uma série de assuntos relacionados à produção vegetal, seja para facilitar o entendimento quanto ao comportamento da cultura dentro de seu contexto ambiental, explorar seu potencial produtivo sob certas condições, verificar hipóteses, melhorar o conhecimento de processos, estimular a integração interdisciplinar, predizer o comportamento de um sistema ou ser utilizado como ferramenta de gerência e tomada decisória. Como vantagens, lhes são atribuídos o custo menos oneroso do que experimentos convencionais que, cada vez mais, possuem um elevado custo de instalação, manutenção e obtenção dos dados - sem, no entanto ter a pretensão de substituí-los -, a velocidade na obtenção de resultados, o uso em diferentes escalas e a criação de cenários alternativos. Suas limitações abrangem a dificuldade na validação de modelos já existentes, alto custo de obtenção de alguns dados, como por exemplo, séries meteorológicas, variabilidade espacial e seleção de dados de entrada. Muitas são as formas de avaliar o desempenho de um modelo e, por vezes, deduções errôneas são tiradas, descaracterizando a utilização desta ferramenta. O uso da modelagem em agricultura ainda é bastante incipiente no Brasil, quando comparado a outros países. Este estudo tem como objetivo abordar alguns dos principais conceitos e mecanismos de modelagem em agricultura, com o intuito de contribuir e estimular as pesquisas, ainda escassas nessa área, e sua difusão.

In the beginning there was Earth, beautiful and wild; And then came man to dwell. At first, he lived like other animals Feeding himself on creatures and plants around him, And this was called IN BALANCE WITH NATURE. Soon man multiplied. He grew tired of ceaseless hunting for food; He built homes and villages, Wild plants and animals were domesticated. Some men became Farmers so that others might become Industrialists, Artists, Doctors, Lawyers or Bureaucrats And this was called Society. Man and Society progressed. With his God-given ingenuity, man learned to feed, clothe, protect, and transport himself more efficiently so he might enjoy Life. He built cars, houses on top of each other, and nylon. And life was more enjoyable. The men called Farmers became efficient. A single farmer grew food for 28 Industrialists, Artists and doctors And Writers, Engineers, and Teachers as well. To protect his crops and animals, the Farmer produced substances to repel or destroy Insects, Diseases and Weeds. These were called Pesticides. Similar substances were made by Doctors to protect humans. These were called Medicine. The Age of Science had arrived and with it came better diet and longer, happier lives for more members of Society. Soon it came to pass That certain well-fed members of Society disapproved of the Farmer using Science. They spoke harshly of his technique for feeding, protecting and preserving plants and animals. They deplored his upsetting the Balance of Nature; They longed for the Good Old Days. And this had emotional appeal to the rest of Society. By this time Farmers had become so efficient, society gave them e new title: Unimportant Minority. Because Society could not ever imagine a shortage of food Laws were passed abolishing Pesticides, Fertilizers, and Food Preservatives. Insects, Diseases, and Weeds flourished. Crops and animals died. Food became scarce. To survive, Lawyers, Bureaucrats, Industrialists, Artists and Doctors were forced to grow their own food. They were not very efficient. People and governments fought wars to gain more agricultural land. Millions of people were exterminated. The remaining few lived like animals, Feeding themselves on creatures and plants around them, And this was called IN BALANCE WITH NATURE. 4 A memória de meu saudoso pai, Ricardo Gustavo Ruiz, que nunca poupou esforços para minha formação, a quem tudo devo e expresso meu eterno amor e gratidão. Dedico Ofereço este trabalho a minha mãe, Marilene Emília Toni Ruiz, pela sua força, exemplo, amor e dedicação. 5 AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus, por conduzir com sabedoria o tempo de acontecimento das coisas (Ec.3.1-8). Ao Professor Dr. Durval Dourado Neto, que despertou em mim a curiosidade científica e a busca pela perfeição, pelo exemplo profissional e pela amizade.

-Due to the increase of water deficiency in many farm regions and its meaning on weed interference, competitive interactions between soybean and three weeds were evaluated under water stress (20 to 40 days after transplanting) and no stress conditions. Three independent experiments were carried out in a growth chamber, being each one composed by the weeds Alternanthera tenella, Tridax procumbens or Digitaria ciliaris, along with the crop, in which soil water condition and plant composition effects were evaluated while in competition. A replacement series system was used, including both monoculture of each species and a mixture with a ratio of 50% between weed and soybean. A completely randomized design was used in factorial arrangement, with treatments distributed in three levels for plant composition factor (soybean and weeds monocultures, in addition to the soybean + weed mixture) and two levels for the water factor (with or without stress), amounting six treatments in each experiment. Soybean dry mass was higher than weed dry mass, when growing without water stress. However, under water stress conditions, the dry mass of soy was reduced in all experiments, mainly in the D. ciliaris comparative experiment. Water restriction was also significant in the plants' photosynthesis reduction in most of the experiments, reducing leaf area duration and efficiency of water use. Analysing all variables shows greater weed tolerance than soybean when submitted to water deficit and with distinct changes of their interactions and mechanism of competition, in each experiment. Keywords: Glycine max, drought, Alternanthera tenella, Tridax procumbens, Digitaria ciliaris. RESUMO -Devido ao aumento da deficiência hídrica em muitas regiões agrícolas e sua importância na interferência de plantas daninhas, avaliaram-se as interações competitivas de soja com três espécies de plantas, sob condições normais de crescimento ou com deficiência hídrica temporária (20-40 dias após transplante). Os três experimentos foram realizados em câmara de crescimento, com as espécies