Resumo Este trabalho possui dois objetivos principais, o primeiro é apresentar uma descrição de como o modelo atmosférico BRAMS foi estruturado com o intuito de capacitá-lo a simular a emissão, dispersão e sedimentação de cinzas vulcânicas; o segundo é fazer uma análise de sensibilidade com relação a diversas configurações do modelo, com o intuito de obter uma configuração adequada para prever a concentração de cinzas vulcânicas após eventos eruptivos. Avaliando os resultados do modelo com dados observados, principalmente com relação ao satélite CALIPSO, concluiu-se que o modelo BRAMS foi capaz de simular e prever com relativa precisão a posição e concentração das cinzas vulcânicas na atmosfera.
Air pollution has become one of the factors that most affect the quality of life, human health, and the environment. Gaseous pollutants from motor vehicles have a significantly harmful effect on air quality in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP)—Brazil. Motor vehicles emit large amounts of particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the last three acting as the main tropospheric ozone (O3) precursors. In this study, we evaluated the effects of these pollutants on air quality in the MASP during the partial lockdown that was imposed to ensure the social distancing necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic. We compared the monthly data for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and CO, SO2, and BC from MERRA-2 for the period between April and May 2020 (during the pandemic) with the average for the same period for the (pre-pandemic) years 2017 to 2019 in the southeast region of Brazil. The meteorological and pollutant concentration data from the CETESB air quality monitoring stations for the MASP were compared with the diurnal cycle of three previous years, with regard to the monthly averages of April and May (2017, 2018, and 2019) and the same period in 2020, when the partial lockdown was first imposed in southeast Brazil. Our findings showed that there was a decrease in NO2 concentrations ranging from 10% to more than 60% in the MASP and the Metropolitan Area of Rio de Janeiro (MARJ), whereas in the Metropolitan Area of Belo Horizonte and Vitoria (MABH and MAV, respectively), there was a reduction of around 10%. In the case of the concentrations of CO and BC from MERRA-2, there was a considerable decrease (approx. 10%) during the period of partial lockdown caused by COVID-19 throughout almost the entire state of São Paulo, particularly in the region bordering the state of Rio de Janeiro. The concentration of SO2 from MERRA-2 was 5 to 10% lower in the MASP and MARJ and the west of the MABH, and there was a decrease of 30 to 50% on the border between the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, while in the MAV region, there was an increase in pollutant levels, as this region was not significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Sharp reductions in the average hourly concentrations of CO (38.8%), NO (44.9%), NO2 (38.7%), and PM2.5 (6%) were noted at the CETESB air quality monitoring stations in the MASP during the partial lockdown in 2020 compared with the hourly average rate in the pre-pandemic period. In contrast, there was an increase of approximately 16.0% in O3 concentrations in urban areas that are seriously affected by vehicular emissions, which is probably related to a decrease in NOx.
Estudo da dispersão de monóxido de carbono emitido por queimadas na Amazônia legal em 19 agosto de 2010 baseado em: simulações do modelo WRF-CHEM e SensoriamentoRemoto.
Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma análise observacional da variabilidade temporal da profundidade óptica do aerossol, explorando produtos de sensoriamento remoto. Neste sentido, analisou-se como déficits de chuva na estação seca impactam as atividades de queimadas na Amazônia Legal e como estas podem afetar a composição da atmosfera. Foram utilizados dados de profundidade óptica do aerossol (AOD) do sensor MODIS/Terra e da AERONET, precipitação do satélite TRMM, e, para queimadas, dados produzidos pelo CPTEC/INPE, durante 2000 a 2012. Resultados indicaram que os valores de AOD inferidos por satélite e superfície apresentaram uma tendência negativa nos últimos cinco anos da série histórica analisada, possivelmente associada às mudanças nas atividades antrópicas na região. Para este mesmo período, as taxas de desmatamento na Amazônia Legal estimadas por satélite também apresentaram redução, podendo justificar parte das mudanças na AOD. Dados de satélite indicam que o déficit de chuva na estação seca é uma das possíveis causas do aumento de queimadas em Setembro, porém não é fator único. A correlação encontrada entre dados de precipitação acumulada e focos de queimadas é inferior a -0.3. Por outro lado, a correlação entre precipitação e aerossóis é mais evidente (R = 0.7), explicando apenas parte da variabilidade da AOD.
Abstract. The broad geographical coverage and high temporal and spatial resolution of geostationary satellite data provide an excellent opportunity to collect information on variables whose spatial distribution and temporal variability are not adequately represented by the in situ networks. This study focuses on assessing the effectiveness of two geostationary satellite-based sunshine duration (SDU) datasets over Brazil, given the relevance of SDU to various fields, such as agriculture and energy sectors, to ensure reliable SDU data over the country. The analyzed datasets are the operational products provided by the Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CMSAF), that uses data achieved with the Meteorological Satellite (Meteosat) series, and by the Satellite and Meteorological Sensors Divison of the National Institute for Space Research (DISSM/INPE), that employs Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) data. The analyzed period ranges from September 2013 to December 2017. The mean bias error (MBE), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean squared error (RMSE), correlation coefficient (r) and scatterplots between satellite products and in situ daily SDU measurements provided by the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) were used to access the products performance. They were calculated on a monthly basis and grouped into climate regions. The statistical parameters exhibited a uniform spatial distribution, indicating homogeneity within a given region. Except for the Tropical Northeast Oriental (TNO) region, there were no significant seasonal dependencies observed. The Mean Bias Error (MBE) values for both satellite products were generally low across most regions in Brazil, mainly between 0 and 1 hour. The correlation coefficient (r) results indicated a strong agreement between the estimated values and the observed data, with an overall r value exceeding 0.8. Nevertheless, there were notable discrepancies in specific areas. The CMSAF product showed a tendency to overestimate observations in the TNO region, with MBE consistently exceeding 1 hour for all months, while the DISSM product exhibited a negative gradient of MBE values in the west-east direction, in the northern portion of Brazil. The scatterplots for the TNO region revealed that the underestimation pattern observed in the DISSM product was influenced by the sky condition, with more accurate estimations observed under cloudy skies. Additional analysis suggested that the biases observed might be attributed to the misrepresentation of clear-sky reflectance. In the case of the CMSAF product, the overestimation tendency observed in the TNO region appeared to be a result of systematic underestimation of the Effective Cloud Albedo. The findings indicated that both satellite-based SDU products generally exhibited good agreement with the ground observations across Brazil, although their performance varied across different regions and seasons. The analyzed operational satellite products present a reliable source of data to several applications, being an asset due to its high spatial resolution and low time latency.
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