Abstract. We present a new version of the Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (BRAMS), in which different previous versions for weather, chemistry, and carbon cycle were unified in a single integrated modeling system software. This new version also has a new set of state-of-the-art physical parameterizations and greater computational parallel and memory usage efficiency. The description of the main model features includes several examples illustrating the quality of the transport scheme for scalars, radiative fluxes on surface, and model simulation of rainfall systems over South America at different spatial resolutions using a scale aware convective parameterization. Additionally, the simulation of the diurnal cycle of the convection and carbon dioxide concentration over the Amazon Basin, as well as carbon dioxide fluxes from biogenic processes over a large portion of South America, are shown. Atmospheric chemistry examples show the model performance in simulating near-surface carbon monoxide and ozone in the Amazon Basin and the megacity of Rio de Janeiro. For tracer transport and dispersion, the model capabilities to simulate the volcanic ash 3-D redistribution associated with the eruption of a Chilean volcano are demonstrated. The gain of computational efficiency is described in some detail. BRAMS has been applied for research and operational forecasting mainly in South America. Model results from the operational weather forecast of BRAMS on 5 km grid spacing in the Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies, INPE/Brazil, since 2013 are used to quantify the model skill of near-surface variables and rainfall. The scores show the reliability of BRAMS for the tropical and subtropical areas of South America. Requirements for keeping this modeling system competitive regarding both its functionalities and skills are discussed. Finally, we highlight the relevant contribution of this work to building a South American community of model developers.
Resumo Este trabalho possui dois objetivos principais, o primeiro é apresentar uma descrição de como o modelo atmosférico BRAMS foi estruturado com o intuito de capacitá-lo a simular a emissão, dispersão e sedimentação de cinzas vulcânicas; o segundo é fazer uma análise de sensibilidade com relação a diversas configurações do modelo, com o intuito de obter uma configuração adequada para prever a concentração de cinzas vulcânicas após eventos eruptivos. Avaliando os resultados do modelo com dados observados, principalmente com relação ao satélite CALIPSO, concluiu-se que o modelo BRAMS foi capaz de simular e prever com relativa precisão a posição e concentração das cinzas vulcânicas na atmosfera.
Abstract. We present a new version of the Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System where different previous versions for weather, chemistry and carbon cycle were unified in a single integrated software system. The new version also has a new set of state-of-the-art physical parameterizations and greater computational parallel and memory usage efficiency. Together with the description of the main features are examples of the quality of the transport scheme for scalars, radiative fluxes on surface and model simulation of rainfall systems over South America in different spatial resolutions using a scale-aware convective parameterization. Besides, the simulation of the diurnal cycle of the convection and carbon dioxide concentration over the Amazon Basin, as well as carbon dioxide fluxes from biogenic processes over a large portion of South America are shown. Atmospheric chemistry examples present model performance in simulating near-surface carbon monoxide and ozone in Amazon Basin and Rio de Janeiro megacity. For tracer transport and dispersion, it is demonstrated the model capabilities to simulate the volcanic ash 3-d redistribution associated with the eruption of a Chilean volcano. Then, the gain of computational efficiency is described with some details. BRAMS has been applied for research and operational forecasting mainly in South America. Model results from the operational weather forecast of BRAMS on 5 km grid spacing in the Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies, INPE/Brazil, since 2013 are used to quantify the model skill of near surface variables and rainfall. The scores show the reliability of BRAMS for the tropical and subtropical areas of South America. Requirements for keeping this modeling system competitive regarding on its functionalities and skills are discussed. At last, we highlight the relevant contribution of this work on the building up of a South American community of model developers.
Brief description of the BRAMS development BRAMS was originally developed as part of a joint project between ATMET/USA and the Brazilian institutions IME/USP, IAG/USP and CPTEC/INPE, and funded by FINEP (Brazilian Funding Agency). This project aimed to produce a new version of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) tailored to address some of the environmental problems of the tropics. The main objective was to provide a single model for Brazilian regional weather and research centers. The first version (BRAMS 1.0) was based on RAMS 5.0, with the inclusion of modeling of physical phenomena such as Shallow Cumulus and New Deep Convection (mass flux scheme with several closures, based on Grell et al., 2002), improvements in software quality (leading to binary reproducibility with just 1 grid and higher portability) and a higher resolution vegetation data file (1 km vegetation data derived from IGBP 2.0 + IBGE/INPE dataset LEAF-3 with observed parameters for South American biomes). The version 2.0 was based on RAMS 5.04, and included all of modifications described above and a new surface parameterization using SiB 2.5 submodel, a new scheme to assimilate a heterogeneous Soil Moisture profile based on satellite data, binary reproducibility with nested grids, corrections for Lite and Mean variables output and improvements in software quality trough checking if all variables were properly initialized. The following stable version, named BRAMS 3.2, was the first distributed in CC-GNU GPL in an official home-page (http://www.cptec.inpe.br/brams). It included the version 2.0 plus enhanced portability and software quality, improvements on the heterogeneous soil moisture assimilation procedure, an operational assimilation cycle and forecast procedure and improvements in serial and parallel performance. The version BRAMS 4.0 was an extension of the version 3.2, with enhancements in portability (running in NEC SX-6 and others compilers) and software quality (including new procedure to read RAMSIN. It also featured a new scheme to build executable code, etc), improvements on serial and parallel performance (best vectorization rates in some codes, improvements on performance for advection scheme and improvements in master-slave communications), corrections in Shaved ETA scheme and LEAF scheme based on RAMS 6.x, inclusion of a new scheme for radiation (CARMA parameterization), inclusion of a new option to allow manual domain decomposition and also include the option of 2 new emission model running coupled to BRAMS: the CATT (Coupled Aerosol and Tracer Transport) scheme and TEB-SPM (Town Energy Budget-Simple Photochemical Module) scheme. The current version of the BRAMS (5.2 as in December, 2015) has several new features described in the table below and illustrated by the figure 1. Figure 1. Several sub-grid scale physical and chemical processes simulated by the BRAMS v. 5.1+ model.
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