Abstract-Nonphagocytic NADPH oxidases have recently been suggested to play a major role in the regulation of physiological and pathophysiological processes, in particular, hypertrophy, remodeling, and angiogenesis in the systemic circulation. Moreover, NADPH oxidases have been suggested to serve as oxygen sensors in the lung. Chronic hypoxia induces vascular remodeling with medial hypertrophy leading to the development of pulmonary hypertension. We screened lung tissue for the expression of NADPH oxidase subunits. NOX1, NOXA1, NOXO1, p22phox, p47phox, p40phox, p67phox, NOX2, and NOX4 were present in mouse lung tissue. Comparing mice maintained for 21 days under hypoxic (10% O 2 ) or normoxic (21% O 2 ) conditions, an upregulation exclusively of NOX4 mRNA was observed under hypoxia in homogenized lung tissue, concomitant with increased levels in microdissected pulmonary arterial vessels. In situ hybridization and immunohistological staining for NOX4 in mouse lungs revealed a localization of NOX4 mRNA and protein predominantly in the media of small pulmonary arteries, with increased labeling intensities after chronic exposure to hypoxia. In isolated pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), NOX4 was localized primarily to the perinuclear space and its expression levels were increased after exposure to hypoxia. Treatment of PASMCs with siRNA directed against NOX4 decreased NOX4 mRNA levels and reduced PASMC proliferation as well as generation of reactive oxygen species. In lungs from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH), expression levels of NOX4, which was localized in the vessel media, were 2.5-fold upregulated. These results support an important role for NOX4 in the vascular remodeling associated with development of pulmonary hypertension. (Circ Res. 2007;101:258-267.)Key Words: hypoxia Ⅲ hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction Ⅲ NADPH oxidase Ⅲ pulmonary hypertension Ⅲ vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation T he NADPH oxidases are superoxide-generating enzymes that release superoxide by electron transfer from NADPH to oxygen. The classical leukocyte NADPH oxidase plays an important role in host defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens. 1,2 This phagocytic type of NADPH oxidase consists of 2 membrane-bound subunits, gp91 phox and p22 phox which form the flavocytochrome b 558 complex, together with the cyctosolic subunits p40 phox , p47 phox , and p67 phox . Superoxide production by this complex is induced by assembly of the cytosolic and membrane-bound subunits. Such an assembly can be induced by the phosphorylation of p47 phox . 3 Rac GTPases are also involved in this activation process. Recently, several additional isoforms of the membrane-bound subunit gp91phox have been described. The first described homolog of gp91 phox , called mox1 (later NOX1), is primarily expressed in the colon and is suggested to be involved in mitogenic activity. 4 Additional homologs, including NOX3, NOX4 (Renox), NOX5, Duox1, and Duox2, were subsequently described. [5][6][7][8] According to ...

The external quantum efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is limited by several loss mechanisms. By applying a numerical model for the efficiency analysis of OLED devices, we analyze the distribution of the different energy loss mechanisms in bottom and top emission organic light-emitting diodes. We validate the findings by the comparison with experimental data measured on red state-of-the-art p-i-n devices containing the red phosphorescent emitting dye iridium(III)bis[2-methyldibenzo-(f, h)quinoxaline](acetylacetonate) [Ir(MDQ)2(acac)]. The model is used to design extremely efficient bottom and top emission diodes with 21% and 27% external quantum efficiencies, respectively.

No abstract

High-efficiency white OLEDs fabricated on silver nanowire-based composite transparent electrodes show almost perfectly Lambertian emission and superior angular color stability, imparted by electrode light scattering. The OLED efficiencies are comparable to those fabricated using indium tin oxide. The transparent electrodes are fully solution-processable, thin-film compatible, and have a figure of merit suitable for large-area devices.

We have identified two typographical errors in the formulas given in the Appendix of our work. In Eq. (A14), the quantity K was erroneously labeled as K out . The equation should readA factor J /e is missing in Eq. (A19), which should instead read I λ (θ,λ) = J

We review top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), which are beneficial for lighting and display applications, where non-transparent substrates are used. The optical effects of the microcavity structure as well as the loss mechanisms are discussed. Outcoupling techniques and the work on white top-emitting OLEDs are summarized. We discuss the power dissipation spectra for a monochrome and a white top-emitting OLED and give quantitative reports on the loss channels. Furthermore, the development of inverted top-emitting OLEDs is described.

Effi cient transparent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with improved stability based on conductive, transparent poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) electrodes are reported. Based on optical simulations, the device structures are carefully optimized by tuning the thickness of doped transport layers and electrodes. As a result, the performance of PEDOT:PSS-based OLEDs reaches that of indium tin oxide (ITO)-based reference devices. The effi ciency and the long-term stability of PEDOT:PSS-based OLEDs are signifi cantly improved. The structure engineering demonstrated in this study greatly enhances the overall performances of ITO-free transparent OLEDs in terms of effi ciency, lifetime, and transmittance. These results indicate that PEDOT:PSS-based OLEDs have a promising future for practical applications in low-cost and fl exible device manufacturing.

Direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) is used to fabricate large area, two-dimensional periodic surface patterns on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates to enhance the performance of ZnPc:C60 solar cells by light concentration in the absorber layer. Comparing the power conversion efficiencies to the reference cell on flat PET, a relative increase of 21% is observed for the hexagonal pattern with 0.7 μm period, depicted in the figure.