Estoque de carbono orgânico total e fracionamento granulométrico da matéria orgânica em sistemas de uso do solo no CerradoTotal organic carbon stock and granulometric fractioning of organic matter in soil use systems in Cerrado RESUMO Os sistemas de uso do solo apresentam potencial de alterar os estoques de carbono orgânico, podendo permanecer estáveis, aumentar ou diminuir em relação à área sem interferência antrópica. Com isso, objetivou-se quantificar e comparar os estoques de carbono orgânico total, carbono orgânico associado aos minerais, carbono orgânico particulado e calcular o índice de manejo de carbono em solos cultivados sob diferentes sistemas de uso. Os tratamentos foram representados por seis sistemas de uso do solo: vegetação nativa de cerrado, seringueira solteira, seringueira consorciada com abacaxi, pastagem de Brachiaria sp. com 30 anos, pastagem de Brachiaria sp. com três anos e sistema de plantio convencional. Em cada sistema foram coletadas amostras de solo nas camadas de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm para avaliar os teores e estoques de carbono no solo, e amostras indeformadas com anéis volumétricos para estimar a densidade do solo. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise pelo teste de Scott-Knott (p≤0,05). O carbono orgânico total e as frações granulométricas da matéria orgânica mostraram ser um atributo promissor para avaliação da qualidade do solo. O carbono orgânico total, carbono orgânico particulado e carbono orgânico associado aos minerais foram superiores para vegetação nativa, pastagem de Brachiaria sp. 30 anos, seguidos pelos sistemas com seringueira. O índice de manejo de carbono calculado indicou que o uso de seringueira agrega benefícios ao solo a médio e longo prazo, seguido pelo tratamento com Brachiaria sp. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: neossolo, carbono particulado, índice de manejo de carbono. ABSTRACTSoil use systems have the potential to alter organic carbon stocks and may remain stable, increase, or decrease relative to the area without anthropogenic interference. The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the total organic carbon stock, organic carbon associated with minerals, particulate organic carbon, and calculate the carbon management index in soils grown under different systems of use. The treatments were represented by six systems of soil use: native vegetation of cerrado, single rubber tree, rubber tree with pineapple, Brachiaria sp. with 30 years, a pasture of Brachiaria sp. with three years, and conventional planting system. In each system, soil samples were collected in the 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm layers to evaluate soil carbon contents and stocks, and undisturbed samples with volumetric rings to estimate soil density. The results were analyzed by Scott-Knott test (p≤0.05). The total organic carbon and the grain size fractions of the organic matter showed to be a promising attribute for soil quality evaluation. Total organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, and organic carbon associated with minerals were higher for native vegetation, Brachiaria sp. 30 years, f...

ResumoA deposição de resíduos orgânicos através da colheita mecanizada da cana-de-açúcar é uma prática crescente no sistema de produção canavieiro. A manutenção desses resíduos na superfície do solo depende principalmente das condições ambientais. A adubação nitrogenada sobre os resíduos secos tendem a retardar a decomposição desses, proporcionando benefícios como o aumento da MOS. Diante disto, o objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de diferentes doses de nitrogênio sobre os resíduos culturais de cana-de-açúcar, quanto a sua decomposição e contribuição para o sequestro de carbono no solo. O experimento foi realizado em Dourados-MS e consistiu de um delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados. Os resíduos secos foram colocados em litter bags e os tratamentos foram arranjados em parcelas subdivididas, sendo as quatro doses de nitrogênio (0,50, 100 e 150 kg ha -1 N) as parcelas, e as sete épocas de coleta (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias) as subparcelas. Foram analisados a taxa de decomposição dos resíduos, carbono orgânico total e carbono lábil no solo. A aplicação de doses crescente de N proporcionou aumento nas suas taxas de decomposição. Apesar disso, destaca-se a aplicação de N-mineral como uma estratégia de manejo para obter maiores teores de carbono lábil no solo. Palavras-chave: Adubação nitrogenada, manutenção de palhada, carbono orgânico total, carbono lábil AbstractThe deposition of organic residues through mechanical harvesting of cane sugar is a growing practice in sugarcane production system. The maintenance of these residues on the soil surface depends mainly on environmental conditions. Nitrogen fertilization on dry residues tend to retard decomposition of these, providing benefits such as increased SOM. Thus, the object of this research was to evaluate the effect of different doses of nitrogen on sugar cane crop residues, as its decomposition and contribution to carbon sequestration in soil. The experiment was conducted in Dourados-MS and consisted of a randomized complete block design. Dried residues were placed in litter bags and the treatments were arranged in a split plot, being the four nitrogen rates (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha -1 N) the plots, and the seven sampling times (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180) the spit plots. Decomposition rates of residues, total organic carbon and labile carbon on soil were analysed. The application of increasing N doses resulted in an increase in their decomposition rates. Despite this, note also the mineral N application as a strategy to get higher levels of labile carbon in soil.

The purpose of this research was to identify the soil organic matter (SOM) fractions changes in a crop rotation system under no-till system (NTS). This research was carried out from October 2010 to February 2014 in a Rhodic Hapludox. The experiment was set up in completely randomized blocks in a factorial design with eight cover crops and three soil depths (0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm) with four repetitions. Cover crops: fall-winter corn, intercropping fall-winter corn with Brachiaria ruziziensis, intercropping fall-winter corn with B. brizantha cv. Marandu, intercropping fall-winter corn with Crotalaria spectabilis, B. ruziziensis, B. brizantha cv. Marandu, Pennisetum glaucum L. and set-aside area. The results of SOM granulometric fractionation showed that 6.5% of the total organic carbon (TOC) stocks were in the particulate organic carbon (POC) fraction. The low values of POC observed in this research are associated with the weather condition of experimental site, which shows high temperature and moisture. In relation to the labile carbon (LC), the highest LC stock was observed in 0-5 cm depth, which differed from the 10-20 cm depth. The POC, LC and labile nitrogen (LN) were the SOM fractions that showed to be more sensitive to detect the changes promoted by the cover crops and soil depths in NTS, as well as the carbon management index (CMI). The intercropping fall-winter corn with B. brizantha cv. Marandu and B. ruziziensis were efficient in increasing the CMI in deeper depth (10-20 cm).

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito do consórcio de milho safrinha com Urochloa brizantha 'Marandu' e de fontes de nitrogênio nas frações granulométricas da matéria orgânica do solo em sistema plantio direto. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em arranjo fatorial 2x4 -dois tipos de cultivo de milho (com ou sem pasto) e quatro fontes de nitrogênio (sem nitrogênio, ureia, sulfato de amônio+ureia e sulfato de amônio) -, em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. O experimento foi conduzido de 2005 a 2013. As coletas do solo foram realizadas em 2013, após a colheita do milho no outono/inverno, em quatro profundidades: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm. Foram determinados os teores de carbono orgânico total (COT), lábil (CL), particulado (COP) e mineral (COM). O consórcio de milho com U. brizantha 'Marandu' resulta em maior teor de COT, CL e COP do que o cultivo de milho solteiro no outono/inverno. O sulfato de amônio+ureia aumenta os teores de COT na camada de 0-5 cm, mas os diminui na de 20-40 cm, além de incrementar os teores de COM em todas as profundidades. Os maiores teores de carbono orgânico total, lábil e particulado são verificados nas profundidades de 0-5 e 5-10 cm.Termos para indexação: Zea mays, fracionamento físico, matéria orgânica leve, plantio direto. Granulometric fractions of soil organic matter in intercropping of off-season corn with Marandu grass under nitrogen sourcesAbstract -The objective of this work was to determine the effect of off-season corn intercropped with Urochloa brizantha 'Marandu' and of nitrogen sources on the granulometric fractions of soil organic matter under a notillage system. The treatments were arranged in a 2x4 factorial arrangement -two types of corn cultivation (with or without pasture) and four nitrogen sources (without nitrogen, urea, ammonium sulfate+urea, and ammonium sulfate) -, in randomized complete blocks with four replicates. The experiment was carried out from 2005 to 2013. Soil sampling was performed in 2013, after corn harvest in fall/winter, at four depths: 0-5, [5][6][7][8][9][10][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], labile (LC), particulate (POC), and mineral-associated organic carbon (MOC) contents were determined. The intercropping of corn with U. brizantha 'Marandu' results in a higher concentration of TOC, LC, and POC than single corn cultivated in fall/winter. Ammonium sulfate+urea increases TOC contents at the 0-5-cm depth, but decreases them at the 20-40-cm depth, besides increasing the MOC contents at all depths. The highest total, labile, and particulate organic carbon contents are observed at the 0-5 and 5-10-cm depths.

The purpose of this research was to assess the effects of replacement of native "Cerrado" vegetation (NV) into croplands on soil chemical, physical and microbial properties. This research was carried out on a farm under Rhodic Hapludox soil with different types of agricultural managements systems, and it was used a NV to compare the systems. The experimental design was set up in completely randomized with five treatments and five repetitions. The treatments adopted were several agricultural management systems as follow; NV; CS_Crop system; LS_Livestock system; ICLS-4_Integrated crop-livestock system with four years of implementation; ICLS-8_Integrated crop-livestock system with eight years of implementation. It was assessed some chemical, physical, and microbial parameters in the soil, as soil pH, P content, exchangeable cations, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, cations saturation, soil organic carbon (SOC), soil bulk density (SBD), aggregate stability, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal breathing, and microbial quotient. The replacement of NV to ICLS decreased SOC, MBC, soil aggregate stability and increase of SBD. The ICLS improved "Cerrado" soil fertility over time adoption. This integrated system increased the quantity of exchangeable K + and P content in "Cerrado" soil. The ICLS-8 showed soil environment nearby the NV. Even the difficulty in obtaining the same physical and microbial condition of NV, the results of this research point out quite important observations, because just no-till system is not enough to obtain improvement of soil quality and the ICLS can return the soil properties close to native "Cerrado" vegetation.

The diagnosis of nutritional state is an important tool to understand the nutritional requirement of plants and the influence of the nutritional balance on the yield. The proposed in this study was to apply the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) to assess the nutritional state of cotton crop through the order of nutrient requirement and nutritional balance. Yield data from plots (average acreage 100 ha) and foliar concentrations of macro and micronutrients of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum r. latifolium) plants were stored in a database. The criterion to define the reference population consisted of plots with above-average yields + 2/3 standard deviation (over 4785 kg•ha −1 seed cotton yield). The DRIS method was efficient to evaluate the nutrition state of cotton. It was feasible to identify the order of plant requirement and nutritional balance. It was feasible to observe that when minor the Nutritional Balance Index (NBI) it's higher the yield. It means that to reach high yield it is necessary to show low NBI. The Sulphur, Boron and Zinc showed the higher frequency as the most required nutrients by plant. The Magnesium and Manganese were the less required by the cotton plant, this means that both of them were limiting the yield by excess in the tissue.

The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in soil chemical properties affected by the cover crops cultivated in crop rotation in short-term of no-till implementation under Rhodic Hapludox soil. This research was carried out from October 2010 to February 2014. The experiment was set up in completely randomized blocks in a factorial design with eight treatments (cover crops) and three soil depths (0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm) with four repetitions. The cover crops were: fall-winter maize (T 1), intercropping fall-winter maize with B. ruziziensis (T 2), intercropping fall-winter maize with B. brizantha cv. Marandu (T 3), intercropping fall-winter maize with Crotalaria spectabilis (T 4), B. ruziziensis (T 5), B. brizantha cv. Marandu (T 6), Pennisetum glaucum L. (T 7) and fallow (T 8). The T 6 and T 7 affected exchangeable Mg +2 , it was observed higher exchangeable Mg +2 in T 6 (2.39 cmol c dm-3) and T 7 (2.43 cmol c dm-3) in comparison to T 1. The phosphorus content showed interactive effect between cover crops and soil depth. In the comparison among the depths, the P contents were higher in 5-10 cm, which showed improvement of 24.6% and 25.2% in comparison to 0-5 and 10-20 cm layers, respectively. The cover crops evaluated in this research affected the exchangeable Mg +2 and K + , as well as Mg +2 and K + saturation. The P content changed in response of cover crops, which was important to observe that this nutrient may increase the content with adoption of cover crops in no-till system. The species used in this research might be recommended to integrate a crop rotation system with the possibility of increasing P availability in topsoil depth in no-till system.

Os Neossolos são solos com baixa fertilidade natural, porém, as formas de uso e manejo do solo podem alterar seus atributos químicos do solo, com isso objetivou-se quantificar os teores de pH, H+Al, Al, Ca, Mg, P e K e calcular a SB, CTC, m% e V% num Neossolo Quartzarênico sob vegetação nativa, seringueira solteira, seringueira consorciada com abacaxi, pastagem de Brachiaria sp. com 30 anos, pastagem de Brachiaria brizanta cv. Marandu com 3 anos e área de plantio convencional. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em Cassilândia-MS nas camadas de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando significativa, as médias dos tratamentos foram agrupadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott (p≤0,05). O sistema de pastagem com 3 anos apresentou melhores resultados nos atributos químicos obtendo maiores valores de pH, Ca, Mg, K, P, SB e V%, além dos menores valores de H+Al, Al e m%. A área de vegetação nativa apresentou acidez ativa e os teores H+Al, Al e m% mais elevados. Os Neossolos Quartzarênicos do Cerrado apresentam baixa fertilidade natural e a variação dos atributos químicos estão relacionados principalmente com o manejo da adubação. Desta forma, recomenda-se realizar correções e adubações regularmente nestes solos para produção agrícola.