The relation between involvement in aggressive interactions and a physiological index of stress was examined in a captive timber wolf pack (Canis lupus). Urine samples from known individuals were collected from snow throughout the mating season and analyzed for levels of the stress responsive hormone cortisol. When expressed relative to creatinine concentrations in the sample (thereby correcting for differences in urine concentration and dilution in snow), individual differences in urinary cortisol levels were found. These differences were consistent with behavioural data on aggression collected during the same period. Although males engaged in intrasexual aggression more frequently, female aggression was more serious in that females were more likely to be the targets of group chases and attacks. The dominant and only breeding female also aggressed against the two highest ranking males during courtship and mating contexts. The lowest ranking female had a significantly higher cortiso1:creatinine (C:C) ratio than all other females, and the second-ranking (beta) and most aggressive male, whose social position was unstable, had significantly higher C:C ratios than most other males. The data also suggest that urinary C:C ratios increase during the mating season for at least some individuals and vary in response to acute social stressors. The C:C ratios presented are similar to those reported from the urine of domestic dogs and a small sample of wild wolves, suggesting that these data from captive animals are not unusual. Comparisons with literature on primates and potential applications of these techniques are briefly discussed.RCsumC : Nous avons examine la relation entre les interactions agressives et un indice physiologique du stress au sein d'une meute de Loups gris (Canis lupus) en captivitC. Des Cchantillons d'urine d'individus connus ont Ct C recueillis dans la neige pendant toute la saison des accouplements et le cortisol, l'hormone de reaction au stress, y a Ct C dosC. ExprimCes par rapport aux concentrations de crCatinine dans 1'Cchantillon (compensant ainsi les diffirences de concentration de l'urine et sa dilution dans la neige), les concentrations de cortisol dans l'urine se sont avCrCes variables d'un individu a l'autre. Ces differences corresponsaient aux donnCes sur l'agressivitk recueillies au cours de la meme pCriode. Les miles s'attaquaient souvent a d'autres miles, mais, chez les femelles, les agressions Ctaient plus dangereuses puisque les femelles risquaient plus d'etre poursuivies et attaqukes par des groupes d'individus. La femelle dominante, la seule femelle a se reproduire, s'est attaquCe aux deux miles les plus dominants durant la pCriode de cours et durant la phase des accouplements. Chez la femelle la plus basse dans 1'Cchelle de dominance, le rapport cortisol : crCatinine (C : C) Ctait plus ClevC que chez toutes les autres femelles; chez le second mile parmi les plus dominants et les plus agressifs (beta), mile dont la position sociale Ctait instable, le rapport C : C Ctait Cgalement plus...
Commissioned by the Bank of Canada to help improve the detection of counterfeit currency, we designed a series of tests of performance to explore the contributions of note quality, sensory modality, training, security features and demographic variables to the accuracy of counterfeit detection with three different note types. In each test, participants (general public, and cash handlers, divided amongst commercial cash handlers and bank tellers) were presented with notes, one at a time, for up to seven seconds, and were asked to judge whether each note was genuine or counterfeit. With whole note inspection, overall accuracy was about 80%. When the security features were tested individually, the Optical Security Device (OSD) was the best feature, the hidden number was the worst, and the portrait, maple leaves, fluorescence, and microprinting were intermediate. Accuracy was higher with notes that could be seen but not touched than vice versa. Cash handlers were 74% correct with touch alone and adding touch to vision significantly improved counterfeit detection. This paper will demonstrate how performance differences between the different note types can be explained in terms of the efficacy of the individual security features incorporated into the notes.
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