Positing the implementation of evidenced-based policies to manage the informal economy, our paper employs, in a novel way, the multiple-cause, multiple-indicator model and primary data, to identify the determinants of the Nigerian informal economy. Building on previous literature, relevant determinants of the informal economy were constructed from participants' responses to questions designed to solicit such information. We found the factors responsible for the origin and expansion of the Nigerian informal economy to include: unemployment, a need to be autonomous/self-employed, corruption of government officials/agencies, participants' desire to pay less tax, and participants' need to survive. The greatest influence, in terms of magnitude and impacts, comes from the 'participants' need to survive' factor, followed by corruption. Our policy recommendations follow these identified factors, and recognise the positive and important role played by the informal economy. Although country-specific, our findings/recommendations may be used to inform policy in other countries with similar economic structures as Nigeria.
C.1TUS L " ^ ^ ^^^^ ^ ^ JLJL 3. Percent of samples by coal rank 16 4. Average composition of all coal samples in United States and of ranks of coal 17 5. Means and ranges of analyses, 53 anthracite samples, Pennsylvania anthracite region 25 6. Sample descriptions and analyses, 53 anthracite samples, Pennsylvania anthracite region 28 7. Means and ranges of analyses, 331 coal samples,
In sub-Saharan Africa, where inflation persistence is likely to have deleterious welfare consequences, little attempt has been made to study this phenomenon. Using data over 1989:11-2002:09, this paper investigates persistence in disaggregated (food and non-food) inflation for thirteen Communauté Financière Africaine (CFA) member states using fractional integration (FI) methods. The results show that both inflation series are characterized by mean-reversion and finite variance, however it also exposes some asymmetry in inflation persistence across member states in both sectors. In Chad and Niger, the phenomenon is found to exist in both sectors. With uniform monetary policy across member states, implications for Monetary Policy, Nominal Convergence and Optimal Currency Area are then discussed.
The concentration of arsenic (As) in U.S. coal is significant in coal cleaning, coal utilization, and environmental considerations. Arsenic is significant because of its potential toxicity for plants and animals. This chapter examines concentrations and modes of occurrence of arsenic in U.S. coals. The data used in this study are from more than 5,000 determinations of As in coal samples, analyzed on an as-received basis using wet chemical and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA).Variation in As content was related to coal provinces and coal regions, coal rank, geologic age, sulfur and ash contents, heating values, and stratigraphic and lateral variation. The As content of foreign coal, roof-and floor-rock and coal partings, and coal wastes is discussed. The mode of occurrence of As is reviewed. It appears that the bulk of arsenic in coal is in sulfide minerals, primarily iron sulfides. Much of the arsenic-bearing sulfides may be epigenetic in origin, or the arsenic may have been emplaced by reaction of pyrite with arsenic-bearing mineralogic solutions. Low levels of arsenic (<5 ppm) may be organically associated.Analysis of the As data indicated the following. (1) Appalachian and Western Interior coals have the highest As content; Fort Union and Wind River regions have the least. (2) There is no systematic relation between As content and coal rank, coal deposit age, and total sulfur content; however, there is a sympathetic relation with pyritic sulfur content. (3) Arsenic concentration is highest in coal with heating values between 12,000 and 13,000 Btu/lb. (4) Stratigraphic profiles of As content for four areas show wide variations, with samples from western Kentucky displaying the least variation and samples from the southern Appalachians the most. Pyritic sulfur-content variations generally parallel those of As content. (5) Arsenic distribution maps of a small area in the Western Kentucky coal field generally show As content increasing from the basin toward the margin. (6) Roof and floor rocks contain similar amounts of As as in U.S. coal; arsenic content in U.S. coal is much less than that in coal wastes. (7) Arsenic enrichment factors reveal little difference on the basis of geologic age and coal rank regardless of whether average shale or the crustal averages are used for comparison. There are significant differences in enrichment factor values between some coal provinces or regions.Coleman, S. L., and Bragg, L. J., 1990, Distribution and mode of occurrence of arsenic in coal, in Chyi, L.
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