This study examined how social sharing and participating in secular political rituals regarding the 2004 train bombings in Madrid, Spain, helps to cope with the wounds of trauma and enhances the reconstruction of a positive emotional climate. A questionnaire was completed by college students (63% of sample) and their relatives (37%) (N = 661) from five Spanish regions and eight universities at 1, 3, and 8 weeks after the bombing. Participating in demonstrations and experiencing a positive emotional climate, as reported a week after M-11, predicted the degree of social support and positive affect as well as the amount of posttraumatic growth reported at the 3-week period. Demonstrations (indirectly) and social sharing (directly) predict positive emotional climate 2 months after the attack. Participation in protest rituals or demonstrations, coupled with elections and changes in government office, helps overcome the effects of collective trauma and leads to an improvement of the emotional climate in the aftermath of a terrorist attack. Participating in ceremonies and rituals reinforces social cohesion and can be conceived of as a communal form of coping, which enhances a culture of peace.This study analyzes the effects of social sharing and communal coping, specifically participation in demonstrations against war and terrorism, on the

Se comparan los niveles de felicidad y bienestar psicológico de españoles y argentinos residentes en sus países, se evalúa la incidencia de variables sociodemográficas y se analizan los efectos de mediación de la felicidad en las diferencias del bienestar psicológico en función del país. La muestra fue no probabilística por conveniencia (193 argentinos y 162 españoles). Se utilizaron las escalas de Felicidad Subjetiva y de Bienestar Psicológico. Existen niveles satisfactorios de felicidad y bienestar psicológico. Análisis de varianza muestran a los españoles más felices y a los argentinos con mayor bienestar psicológico. Los análisis de varianza y t de Student revelaron diferencias según sexo, edad, estado civil y ocupación. Las mujeres argentinas exhiben mayor dominio del entorno que los hombres; las españolas se diferencian en las relaciones positivas. En Argentina los separados presentan más autonomía y crecimiento personal que quienes viven en pareja; los españoles que viven en pareja exhiben más control y percepción de crecimiento personal que los solteros. Análisis mediacionales mostraron a la felicidad como un mediador entre país y bienestar psicológico, excepto en el dominio del entorno.Palabras clave: felicidad, bienestar psicológico, análisis mediacional, Argentina, EspañaThe present study compares the levels of happiness and psychological well-being of Spanish and Argentine nationals residing in their countries, evaluates the incidence of sociodemographic variables, and analyzes the mediating effects of happiness on psychological well-being differences between countries. A non-probability convenience sample was used (193 Argentines and 162 Spaniards). The Subjective Happiness and Psychological Well-Being scales were applied and revealed satisfactory levels of happiness and psychological well-being. The variance's analyses conducted indicate that the Spanish participants are happier and that the Argentines enjoy greater psychological well-being. Variance and Student's t analyses reveal differences by sex, age, marital status, and occupation. Argentine women display more environmental mastery than men, while Spanish women have more positive relationships. In Argentina, participants who had separated from their spouses display more autonomy and personal growth than those who cohabit, whereas Spanish cohabitants show a higher perception of environmental mastery and personal growth than singles. Mediation analyses identified happiness as a mediator between the participant's country and their psychological well-being, except in environmental mastery.Keywords: happiness, psychological well-being, mediation analysis, Argentina, Spain Ser y estar feliz, desarrollarse como persona o estar a gusto con sí mismo/a son cuestiones básicas que han preocupado a las personas desde hace milenios (Haybron, 2008). Desde hace décadas se analiza no solo su significado, sino también los antecedentes y consecuencias de este estado. Sin embargo, su análisis no solo se realiza como una cuestión de interés personal, sino que se ...

The primary goal of this study was to adapt Berger, Ferrans, & Lahley (2001) HIV Stigma Scale in Spain, using Bunn, Solomon, Miller, & Forehand (2007) version. A second goal assessed whether the four-factor structure of the adapted scale could be explained by two higher-order dimensions, perceived external stigma and internalized stigma. A first qualitative study (N = 40 people with HIV, aged 28-59) was used to adapt the items and test content validity. A second quantitative study analyzed construct and criterion validity. In this study participants were 557 people with HIV, aged 18-76. The adapted HIV Stigma Scale for use in Spain (HSSS) showed a good internal consistency (α = .88) and good construct validity. Confirmatory Factor Analyses yielded a first-order, four-factor structure and a higher-order, bidimensional structure with the two expected factors (RMSEA = .051, 90% CI [.046, .056]; RMR = .073; GFI = .96; AGFI = .96; CFI = .98). Negative relations were found between stigma and quality of life (r = -.39; p < .01), self-efficacy to cope with stigma (r = -.50; p < .01) and the degree of HIV status disclosure (r = -.35; p < .01). Moreover, the people who had suffered AIDS-related opportunistic infections had a higher score in the Perceived External Stigma dimension than those who had not suffered them, t (493) = 3.02, p = .003, d = 0.26.

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It is important to analyze female migration patterns in order to reduce mental health problems, stress the importance of economic income, and examine how social support offered by those living in one's home culture is an effective buffer against mental distress.

Título: Evaluación de una intervención dirigida a reducir el impacto del estigma en las personas con VIH capacitándolas para afrontarlo. Resumen: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar un programa de intervención dirigido a disminuir el impacto del estigma en las personas con VIH y a capacitarlas para afrontarlo. Se utilizó un diseño cuasiexperimental, con grupo control no equivalente, y prueba previa y posterior. Participaron 221 personas con VIH, 164 recibieron la intervención y 56 formaron parte de los grupos de control no equivalente. Las variables dependientes fueron la percepción de estigma -declarado e internalizado-, la autoestima, la percepción de autoeficacia, las estrategias de afrontamiento del estigma -control primario, secundario y de evitación-y, la calidad de vida. Se realizaron análisis de las varianzas (MANOVAS y ANOVAS) para comprobar las diferencias en el pre-test y en las puntuaciones diferenciales en ambos grupos, y análisis de la covarianza (MANCOVAS y ANCOVAS) para evaluar la eficacia del programa. Los resultados mostraron una reducción del estigma percibido y de las estrategias de evitación y, un incremento en la autoeficacia percibida para afrontar el estigma, en la disposición al uso de estrategias de aproximación y en la autoestima y la calidad de vida. Estos resultados indican que es posible capacitar a las personas con VIH para afrontar el estigma. Palabras clave: Estigma; VIH; afrontamiento; calidad de vida; evaluación intervención.Title: Assessment of an intervention to reduce the impact of stigma on people with HIV, enabling them to cope with it Abstract: The goal of this study was to assess an intervention program to reduce the impact of stigma on people with HIV and to enable them to cope with it. A quasi-experimental design, with non-equivalent control group and pre-and posttest was used. Participants were 221 people with HIV, of whom 164 received the intervention and 56 made up the nonequivalent control groups. The dependent variables were perception of stigma-enacted and internalized-, self-esteem, perception of selfefficacy, strategies used to cope with stigma-primary control, secondary control, and avoidance-and quality of life. Analysis of variance (MANO-VAS and ANOVAS) was conducted to determine pretest differences and differential scores in both groups, and analysis of covariance (MAN-COVAS and ANCOVAS) was performed to assess the efficacy of the program. The results showed reduction of perceived stigma and avoidance strategies and an increase in perceived self-efficacy to cope with stigma, disposition to use approach strategies, self-esteem, and quality of life. These results indicate that it is possible to train people with HIV to cope with stigma.

Utilizando el autoinforme como instrumento de recogida de información, se exploró en qué medida ciertos sesgos cognitivos aparecían asociados a situaciones de intimidad sexual, las cuales diferían en el riesgo que comportaban. Participaron en el estudio 149 jóvenes con una edad media de 24 años. La ilusión de invulnerabilidad y el falso consenso son los sesgos cognitivos que más frecuentemente aparecen asociados a determinadas conductas de riesgo y en menor medida el sesgo de ignorancia pluralista. La ilusión de invulnerabilidad, expresada por un 75% de los participantes, aparece asociada a una mayor percepción de control y a una mayor gravedad estimada de las consecuencias de mantener relaciones sexuales de riesgo. El sesgo de falso consenso, aplicado a las relaciones prematrimoniales, afecta al 84% de los participantes que han mantenido este tipo de relaciones; estos jóvenes estiman en mayor medida que su experiencia personal es compartida por otros, estiman una actitud favorable hacia esta conducta tanto en ellos mismos como en otras personas y dan una explicación causal interna a esta conducta. Aquellos que muestran ignorancia pluralista tienen menor experiencia en relaciones sexuales ocasionales no protegidas y se perciben más inseguros para plantear el uso del preservativo en sus relaciones futuras.

This research aimed to study those factors that predict different types of ethnic prejudice in a representative subsample of Spanish young people. The instrument we used was Pettigrew & Meertens' (1995) blatant/subtle prejudice scale. Results show that although there is a similar underlying pattern in both types of ethnic prejudice, subtle prejudice is based more on cultural differences, whereas blatant prejudice also stresses the racial, economic, and labor effects of immigration. Moreover, blatant prejudice is also influenced by the formal level of education and political position. The results are interpreted within the Spanish context; and the implications for identity formation and maintenance, and practical programs directed toward ethnic prejudice awareness are discussed.