BackgroundTechnological innovations in dental materials have been fueled by the desire of patients to improve the esthetics of their teeth. This emphasis on esthetics has led dentists to seek resources that respect the standards established by society, but without compromising the integrity of the teeth.Methods/designThe aim of the proposed controlled clinical trial will be to assess colorimetric changes and increased dental sensitivity in adolescent patients submitted to tooth whitening with 6% and 7.5% hydrogen peroxide using home kits with whitening strips. Adolescents aged 12 to 20 years will be allocated to different groups based on treatment (n = 16 per group): (1) placebo; (2) 6.0% hydrogen peroxide (White Class with Calcium, FGM); (3) 7.5% hydrogen peroxide (White Class with Calcium, FGM); and (4) 7.5% hydrogen peroxide (Oral B 3D White, Oral-B). After the whitening procedures, the participants will be evaluated using a visual analog scale for tooth sensitivity and digital spectrophotometry to measure changes in color. Descriptive analysis of the data will be performed. Either the chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test will be used for the determination of associations among the categorical variables. Student’s t-test and analysis of variance will be used to compare mean colorimetric data. Pearson’s correlation coefficients will be calculated to determine the strength of correlations among the continuous variables.DiscussionThis randomized trial will provide an opportunity to evaluate products such as whitening strips in comparison to other self-administered methods, especially in adolescents.Trial registrationThe protocol for this study was submitted to Clinical Trials in November 2013 with registration number NCT01998386.

BackgroundThe elimination of pathogenic microorganisms from the root canal system is one of the major steps required for successful endodontic treatment. The aim of the proposed study is to conduct a randomized, controlled, clinical trial for the clinical and radiographic evaluation of the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy during the endodontic treatment of primary teeth.MethodsThirty primary anterior teeth in children aged 3 to 6 years old will be randomly divided into 2 groups: a control group, which will receive conventional treatment, and an experimental group, which will be subjected to photodynamic therapy. Microbiological evaluations will be performed before and after endodontic treatment. Moreover, clinical and radiographic evaluations will be performed on the day of treatment as well as 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment. Comparisons will be made of the two study groups. The data will be tabulated and presented in a descriptive, analytical fashion. Depending on the distribution (normal or non-normal), either the t test, ANOVA or the Mann-Whitney test will be used for analysis of the variables. The Wilcoxon test will be used for comparisons before and after treatment. P values < 0.05 (95 % significance level) will be considered indicative of statistically significant differences.DiscussionAs successful endodontic treatment is directly related to intra-canal bacterial disinfection and consideringthe difficult task of endodontic treatment in primary teeth, often due to difficulties in controlling youngchildren, the internal anatomy of root canals and root resorption, the alternative of using PDT is a painless,easy-to-administer method that does not lead to microbial resistance and can assist in the achievement ofsuccessful endodontic treatment in primary teeth by eliminating the pain children can experience due to retreatmentas well as premature tooth loss.Trial registrationThe protocol for this study was registered with Clinical Trials number NCT02485210 on 30 july 2015.

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OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the colorimetric change in incisors and canines of adolescents aged 12 to 20 years submitted to at-home whitening and to evaluate satisfaction, sensitivity and discomfort during the procedures through a questionnaire.METHOD:Thirty adolescents were randomly assigned to the following groups: 1) 6.0% hydrogen peroxide (White Class with calcium – FGM); 2) 7.5% hydrogen peroxide (White Class with calcium - FGM); 3) 10% hydrogen peroxide (Oral B 3D White – Oral-B); 4) Control group – placebo. Assessments were performed prior to treatment as well as at 7, 30, 180 and 360 days after treatment. Friedman’s ANOVA was used to analyze color. The Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post hoc test was used to compare the groups at the different evaluation times. Answers on the questionnaires were ranked, and non-parametrical tests were employed. The groups were compared in each period using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test. Categorical data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test, and the Wilcoxon test was used for the analysis of different periods. P-values were corrected using the Hyan-Holm step-down Bonferroni procedure. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01998386.RESULTS:Similar results were obtained one month after treatment with both tooth whitening gels and whitening strips. Patients were partially satisfied with the treatment after the first and second weeks and would recommend it. All products demonstrated color stability after 12 months of follow-up.CONCLUSIONS:The bleaching procedure was efficient, and the patients could perceive its result. Further investigations are needed to determine the effects of bleaching on young teeth.

Background:Pain stemming from the placement of elastomeric separators and the exchanging of wires and accessories is the greatest reason for abandoning orthodontic treatment. Indeed, discomfort related to treatment exerts a negative impact on quality of life due to the difficulty chewing and biting. This paper proposes a study to evaluate the analgesic effects of photomiobodulation (PBM) on individuals undergoing orthodontic treatment.Methods:The sample will be composed of 72 individuals who receiving elastomeric separators on the mesial and distal faces of the maxillary first molars. The patients will be randomly allocated to 2 groups: an experimental group irradiated with low-level laser and a sham group submitted to simulated laser irradiation. Upon the placement of the separators, the experimental group will receive a single application of PBM on the mesial and distal cervical portion and apical third of the molars. Perceived pain will be analyzed after one hour using the visual analog scale in both groups. Samples will be taken of the gingival crevice with absorbent paper for 30 seconds for the analysis of cytokines using ELISA and the results of the 2 groups will be compared. The patients will sign a statement of informed consent. Statistical analysis will be performed with the Student's t test and analysis of variance (ANOVA).Discussion:The expectation is that the patients in the irradiated group will have a lower perception of pain and lower quantity of cytokines compared to those in the sham group. The purpose of the study is to establish an effective method for PBM with the use of low-level infrared laser (Ga-Al-As with a wavelength of 808 nm and output power of 100 mW) for reductions in pain and inflammatory cytokines related to orthodontic treatment.Trial registration:This protocol was registered in ClinicalTrial.gov, under number NCT03939988. It was first posted and last updated in May 6, 2019.

PDT with PapacárieMblue has been effective in the removal of a deep carious lesion that had a risk of pulp exposure.

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