Thrombin, a key mediator of blood coagulation, exerts a large number of cellular actions via activation of a specific G-protein-coupled receptor, named protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). Several studies in experimental animals have demonstrated a therapeutic potential of small molecules with PAR1 antagonistic properties for treatment of diseases such as vascular thrombosis and arterial restenosis. We have studied the biological actions of one highly potent, selective PAR1 antagonist, SCH79797 (in vitro , and found that this compound was able to interfere with the growth of several human and mouse cell lines, in a concentration-dependent manner. The ED 50 for growth inhibition was 75 nM, 81 nM and 116 nM for NIH 3T3, HEK 293 and A375 cells, respectively. Moreover, in NIH 3T3 cells, SCH79797 inhibited serum-stimulated activation of p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) at low concentrations and induced apoptosis at higher concentrations. However, the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of SCH79797 are likely not mediated by PAR1 antagonism, as they were also observed in embryonic fibroblasts derived from PAR1 null mice. These data suggest that, in view of the development of PAR1-selective antagonists as therapeutic agents, effects potentially unrelated to PAR1 inhibition should be carefully scrutinized.Thrombin, a trypsin-like serine protease, is the most potent agonist for platelet aggregation and plays a central role in haemostatic processes [1]. Thrombin catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by cleaving the peptide bond between an arginine and a glycine residue in the fibrinogen sequence [2]; it is also responsible for proteolytic activation of factors V, VIII, XI, XIII and protein C [1]. However, in addition to its role in blood coagulation, thrombin also stimulates mitogenic events in several cell types including fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and astrocytes [3], therefore playing a central role in tissue repair, fibrosis, inflammation, neurodegeneration, atherosclerosis and restenosis [4][5][6][7].All cellular actions of α -thrombin are mediated by specific G-protein-coupled receptors, named protease-activated receptors (PAR). Activation of PARs by thrombin and other trypsin-like serine proteases is based on a novel mechanism: the protease cleaves part of the N-terminal domain of the receptor, releasing a 'tethered ligand' that subsequently binds to an extracellular loop of the receptor and activates the G-protein-coupled signal transduction [8]. Four PARs have now been cloned [9]; in humans, PAR1 is considered the primary α -thrombin receptor, although thrombin can also activate PAR3 and PAR4 [10]. Thrombin cleaves PAR1 between Arg 41 and Ser 42 , unmasking the N-terminal recognition motif 'SFLLRN' [11].Several small molecules capable of blocking the α -thrombin active site have been characterized over the years as antithrombotic agents, starting with hirudin, a natural leech-derived peptide [12]. However, the identification of the many biological actions of α -t...