In pediatric neurology, tension-type headache (TTH) represents a very common type of primary headache during the pediatric age. Despite the high prevalence of TTH, this diagnosis is often underestimated in childhood, with relevant difficulties in the differential diagnosis of TTH from secondary and primary headache manifestations. Even among primary headaches, a clinical overlap is not so infrequent in children: migraine attacks could present tension headache-like features while tension-type headaches may display migraine-like symptoms as well. Several variables play a role in the complex trajectory of headache evolution, such as hormonal changes during adolescence, triggers and genetic and epigenetic factors. The trajectories and outcomes of juvenile migraine and TTH, as well as the transition of one form to the other, have been investigated in several long-term prospective studies. Thus, the aim of this paper is to review the current literature on the differential diagnosis workout of TTH in pediatrics, the possible outcomes during the developmental age and the appropriate therapeutic strategies. Indeed, TTH represents a challenging diagnostic entity in pediatrics, both from a clinical and a therapeutic point of view, in which early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are recommended.
Studies on indoor air quality are indispensable when considering that people spend approximately 85% of their time in confined environments. This short review mostly takes into consideration research that uses passive samplers to evaluate the quality of indoor environments (houses, school, cars, etc.). This short review summarizes most analytical methods to detect and quantify PAHs and PAEs in house dust used as a passive sampler. The objective of house dust analysis is to identify the presence, amount and distribution of specific hazardous substances in confined spaces and, if possible, to identify their sources. Household dust and the compounds present in it can enter the human body by inhalation, non-food ingestion and absorption through the skin. The observed differences in concentrations of house dust may also indicate important differences in the chemical and physical nature of pollutants caused by air filtration and absorption during the migration of ambient air into the indoor environment.
Several phthalate acid esters (PAEs), often called phthalate esters or phthalates, are substances classified as harmful due to their carcinogenic and mutagenic properties, and moreover, as dangerous for humans because they interfere with the endocrine system. In general, phthalic esters are used as plasticizers for different polymers and more other consumer products. In the present study, we describe a simple method to quantify PAEs in coffee brew using a liquid‐liquid extraction without purification processes through analysing the obtained organic phase by GCMS in the single ion monitoring mode. The totals of single PAEs, in coffee brew samples analysed by us, are in the range of 159–5305 μg L
−1
. Considering that, on average, a person drinks three cups (total 90 mL) of the aforementioned drink per day, this will lead to the uptake of a total 14 to 477 μg of phthalates.
The interest of researchers on quantification of Pt, Pd and Rh in the environmental and food matrices is the consequence of the production of catalytic converters for car engines. Sensitization, mutagenic effects in bacterial and mammalian cells, and increased tumour incidence are the effects of Pt, Pd and Rh at high concentrations reported in medical and occupational researches while their effects at the low environmental concentrations have not been determined. Voltammetric techniques are very advantageous to quantify PGEs in environmental and food matrices due to their intrinsic sensitivity derived from the electrochemical pre-concentration of the analyte at the electrode surface, the capability to distinguish between different redox species and/or labile from non-labile metal complexes, with applications for metal speciation studies. The analysis of PGEs by spectrophotometric methods (atomic absorption, ICP-MS, ICP-OES, etc.) suffers from several practical problems. In this article we take into consideration the research concerning environmental and food matrices from 1996 to 2022.
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