Objective There has been a growing interest in patterns of contraceptive use among adolescents, due, in particular, to the social relevance attached to pregnancy in this age group. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate factors associated with the use of contraceptive methods among female and male adolescent students. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted, by means of self-applied questionnaires, among 4,774 students ranging from 11 to 19 years of age. Prevalence with respect to the use of contraceptive methods during the first experience of sexual intercourse as well as the most recent one was calculated both separately, that is, for each of these events, and in conjunction as a measure of Rev Saúde Pública 2003; 37(5) Fatores associados ao uso de contraceptivos www.fsp.usp.br/rsp Almeida MCC et al consistent use. Logistic regression was carried out for simultaneous analysis of factors associated with the use of contraceptive methods and in order to calculate adjusted measures. Results Among the 1664 students who reported being sexually active, the factors positively associated with the consistent use of contraceptive methods among male students included a) postponing their first experience of sexual intercourse and interaction with a stable partner, b) the family as a potential supplier of contraceptive methods, and c) access to health services. On the other hand, among female students factors positively associated with the consistent use of contraceptive methods included a) recent sexual initiation, and b) having a father as their source of information regarding sexuality, contraception and STD/Aids prevention. Pregnancy was reported by 6.4% of the boys and 18.1% of the girls, its absence was associated with the consistent use of contraceptives by them (the girls) (Odds Ratio=3.83; 2.06-7.15) Conclusions These results confirm the complexity of determining contraceptive behavior among adolescents and therefore reinforce the need to include multi-dimensional aspects of this theme in order to ensure the efficacy of sex education programs.

Foram investigadas as possíveis relações entre consumo de drogas, expectativas positivas quanto aos efeitos do álcool e sintomatologia depressiva e ansiosa. Participaram da pesquisa 40 indivíduos, com 26 anos em média, de ambos os sexos, atendidos em um serviço psicológico. Utilizou-se o Inventário de Expectativas e Crenças Pessoais Acerca do Álcool (IECPA), o Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) e os Inventários de Beck de Ansiedade e Depressão. Constataram-se índices elevados de abuso de tabaco, álcool e observaram-se também expectativas positivas quanto aos efeitos do álcool. Tabagismo e ansiedade clinicamente significativa correlacionaram-se positivamente. Índices mais altos de expectativas positivas quanto ao consumo etílico estavam correlacionadas ao abuso de tabaco e álcool. Expectativas podem ser alteradas em programas preventivos, modificando-se padrões de consumo de risco. A associação entre sintomas psiquiátricos e uso de drogas deve ser considerada ao se estabelecerem programas preventivos e tratamentos.

Introduction: Crack cocaine use is associated with polydrug abuse, and inpatients dependent on crack exhibit profiles of serious consumption patterns. Use of alcohol and tobacco and other drugs is a risk factor for experimentation of additional drugs, including crack cocaine.Objectives:The present study describes the characteristics and crack consumption patterns among inpatients in treatment during 2011 and 2012 at the Hospital Psiquiátrico São Pedro (Porto Alegre, Brazil). An additional objective was to identify the sequence of alcohol and tobacco consumption prior to crack use.Methods: The participants were 53 male inpatients addicted to crack with a mean age of 27.5±7.3 years. A sociodemographic questionnaire; the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test and the Mini Mental State Examination were all administered to participants. Inclusion criteria were crack cocaine dependency (based on the 10th edition of the International Classification of Diseases [ICD-10]) and being abstinent for 7 days. Patients with cognitive difficulties who were unable to understand and/or respond to the questionnaires were excluded from the sample.Results: The participants were young male adults with low educational level and low incomes and were polydrug users. The majority had made more than one attempt to quit. Use of legal drugs in early adolescence, prior to crack use, was identified.Conclusions: The profiles of the inpatients addicted to crack treated at this hospital indicate a serious usage pattern among those who seek specialized support. Crack use is frequent and is associated with use of other drugs and with difficulty sustaining abstinence. The pattern of progression from alcohol and tobacco use to crack cocaine dependency demands the attention of those responsible for prevention policies.

RESUMO -Pesquisas recentes têm investigado mecanismos cognitivos implícitos que influenciam a decisão e o comportamento de uso da droga, como viés atencional e reatividade a pistas. Tais respostas são eliciadas automaticamente, potencializando a vulnerabilidade à dependência e recaída ao uso da droga. Este estudo teve como objetivo apresentar a perspectiva teórica dos modelos de duplo-processamento dos comportamentos aditivos assim como discutir a influência dos processos automáticos no uso de drogas, suas formas de avaliação e técnicas que objetivam modificar diretamente tais processos. Os resultados sugerem que medidas implícitas possam avaliar os mecanismos automáticos mais acuradamente do que medidas explícitas. Diante disso, sugere-se que intervenções voltadas para a transformação das cognições implícitas sejam alternativas eficazes para o tratamento da dependência química. Palavras-chave: cognição implícita, dependência química, viés atencional Implicit Processes and Drug Addiction: Theory, Assessment and Future DirectionsABSTRACT -Recent studies have investigated the implicit cognitive mechanisms that influence the decision to use drugs and drug use behavior, such as attentional bias and reactivity to cues. Those responses are automatically elicited and can increase vulnerability to addiction and relapse. This review aimed to present theoretical perspective of dual-process models of addictive behaviors and to discuss the influence of automatic processes in drug intake, how they can be assessed, and techniques to directly modify them. The results suggest that implicit measures can assess the automatic mechanisms more accurately than explicit measures. Therefore, it is suggested that interventions aimed at the transformation of implicit cognitions can be effective alternatives for the treatment of addictive behaviors.

RESUMOConsumidores de álcool são mais propensos a experimentar e desenvolver dependência do cigarro. Esta revisão crítica sobre reatividade cruzada a pistas (RCP) no consumo de álcool e cigarro explorou a influência da RCP no uso concomitante destas substâncias. Realizou-se busca nos bancos de dados Medline, Psycinfo e Lilacs; os descritores utilizados foram alcohol (álcool), smoking (fumar) e cues (pistas). Critérios para inclusão foram: estudo empírico, envolver exposição a pistas associadas e co-ocorrência do consumo de álcool e cigarro. Como resultado foram encontrados 144 artigos, destes foram selecionados oito. Sugere-se que pistas associadas a uma droga podem gerar craving por outra. Conclui-se que a RCP pode ser relevante para a prevenção e tratamento ao abuso e dependência de cigarro e álcool.Palavras-chave: álcool; tabagismo; pistas. ABSTRACT Cross-Cue Reactivity in Alcohol and Cigarette Use:A Critial Literature ReviewAlcohol consumers are more prone to experiment and develop dependence on cigarettes. This critical review on cross-cue-reactivity (CCR) to cues associated with alcohol and tobacco aimed to explore the influence of CCR on the concomitant use of these substances. We searched the databases Medline, PsycINFO and LILACS; the descriptors used were alcohol, smoking and cues. The criteria for inclusion were: empirical studies, involving exposure to associated cues and addressing the cooccurrence of alcohol and cigarette use. Results found 144 articles, eight being selected. The studies suggest that cues associated with a drug can lead to craving for another. These studies indicated that CCR might be relevant for prevention and treatment of abuse and addiction to cigarettes and alcohol.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate social skills among alcoholics, as well as to investigate personal expectations and beliefs regarding the effects of alcohol use-which are believed to be permissive for alcohol consumption, and potentially lead to alcoholism. Two instruments were employed: (a) Social Skills Inventory (IHS), and (b) Personal Expectations and Beliefs about Alcohol (IECPA). The outcomes showed that social skills deficits are frequent among the participants, particularly in the ability to express positive feelings, conversational skills, and social graces. Moreover, it was found that participants held expectations and beliefs that social interactions can be facilitated through alcohol consumption.

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