Conventionally, the architecture of arteries is based around the close-packed smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix. However, the adventitia and endothelium are now viewed as key players in vascular growth and repair. A new dynamic picture has emerged of blood vessels in a constant state of self-maintenance. Recent work raises fundamental questions about the cellular heterogeneity of arteries and the time course and triggering of normal and pathological remodelling. A common denominator emerging in hypertensive remodelling is an early increase in adventitial cell density suggesting that adventitial cells drive remodelling and may initiate subsequent changes such as re-arrangement of smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix. The organization of vascular smooth muscle cells follows regular arrangements that can be modelled mathematically. In hypertension, new patterns can be quantified in these terms and give insights to how structure affects function. As with smooth muscle, little is known about the organization of the vascular endothelium, or its role in vascular remodelling. Current observations suggest that there may be a close relationship between the helical organization of smooth muscle cells and the underlying pattern of endothelial cells. The function of myoendothelial connections is a topic of great current interest and may relate to the structure of the internal elastic lamina through which the connections must pass. In hypertensive remodelling this must present an organizational challenge. The objective of this paper is to show how the functions of blood vessels depend on their architecture and a continuous interaction of different cell types and extracellular proteins.
Esta es la versión de autor del artículo publicado en: This is an author produced version of a paper published in:Vascular Pharmacology 77 (2016) were observed in HFD. These data demonstrate that HFD accounts for the development of vascular remodeling and arterial stiffness associated with adipokine dysregulation and oxidative stress, independently of hypertension development.
Abstract-We have previously reported an adaptation of arterial wall elasticity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) that involves an increase in both fibronectin/␣51-integrin complexes and smooth-muscle elastic lamellae connections. We examined the mechanical strength (MS) of the carotid artery in relation to its elastic properties, its elastin/collagen content, and the structure of the internal elastic lamina. MS was defined as the in vitro intraluminal pressure and wall stress that produces rupture of the vascular wall. Intact carotid arteries from 3-month-old normotensive rats (Wistar-Kyoto, WKY) and SHR were cannulated on a specially designed device and adjusted to their in situ length. A slowly increasing static pressure was applied until wall rupture occurred to determine the static mechanical behavior and MS. Static elasticity was similar in SHR and WKY, as were the rupture pressure (2740Ϯ90 versus 2740Ϯ40 mm Hg) and wall stress at rupture (11.5Ϯ1.0 versus 12.8Ϯ0.4 MPa), indicating equivalent MS in both groups. Histological examination showed several wall ruptures and dissociation of lamellar units that did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Confocal microscopy showed that the size of fenestrations of the internal elastic lamina and the fraction of area occupied by them were reduced 3-fold in SHR. We have demonstrated that static elasticity of the arterial wall and mechanical strength are similar in carotid arteries from SHR and WKY. (Hypertension. 2001;38:1167-1171.)
The first month of lactation is a vulnerable nutritional period for the mother. Our aims were (1) to evaluate the nutritional status of breastfeeding women in the first month of lactation, and (2) to explore different aspects of nutrition and lifestyle through a multidimensional approach. A total of 30 healthy breastfeeding women were enrolled in this study. Dietary pattern was assessed through a 72-hour dietary recall questionnaire (days 7 and 28 postpartum) and data were compared with Dietary Recommendation Values (DRV), and through the Adherence to Healthy Food Pyramid (HFP) questionnaire (day 28). Anthropometric parameters were evaluated by bioimpedance. Using factor analysis, nutritional dimensions were extracted, and linear regression models were used to analyze the association between anthropometric parameters and dimensions. Compared to the DRV, women showed insufficient energy, water, vitamin D, and potassium intake and excessive proteins, vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, and iron intake. We observed a moderate adherence to the HFP, with women being high in the fruits, vegetables, and oil categories, and low adherence to the physical activity, dairy products, and hydration categories. The nutritional dimension, including the HFP categories of physical activity, hydration, and animal protein intake together, was negatively associated with body weight (β = −3.7 ± 1.7; p-value = 0.047). In conclusion, during the first month postpartum, breastfeeding women exhibited several nutritional imbalances and poor physical activity negatively influencing anthropometric parameters. We propose a multidimensional approach to assess the nutritional status of breastfeeding women as a tool to detect specific deficiencies, allowing for personalized counseling.
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