1 HE CONSTITUTION OF Argentina as a nation-state in the late 19th century was based on the systematic attempt to eliminate, silence, or assimilate its indigenous population. The elites of the time defined the idea of "the Argentinean nation" in tension with what they imagined as its opposite: el desierto (the desert), the term then widely used to refer to the territories of the Pampas, Patagonia, and the Gran Chaco inhabited by indigenous groups that resisted, arms-in-hand, the advance of the state. The naming of these places as "deserts" captures the dialectic of civilization and barbarism that mobilized the emergence of this nation-state, for what defined these geographies was not their physical landscape or lack of human populations but their absence of state control, capitalism, and civilization (see Halperin Dongui 1982; Arengo 1996; Wright 1998). By the turn of the 20th century, large military campaigns to Pampa-Patagonia and the Chaco, land expropriation fueling the emergence of an agrarian capitalism, and massive European immigration consolidated the transformation of el desierto into a new nation-state arising from its barbarian prehistory.The forging of the Argentinean nation through its assault on the desert confined indigenous groups to an obscure background within the imagined national community. This situation marked a sharp contrast to other Latin American countries such as Mexico, Peru, or Brazil, where discourses that celebrate the indigenous component of the nation and/or the cultural salience of mestizaje (miscegenation) became crucial components of national ideologies (By contrast, in Argentina most dominant narratives for a long time remembered indigenous groups as a wild and destructive force-exemplified in their looting raids (the malottes)-that had to be wiped out to give birth to the nation. This remembrance constructed lo indigena (that which is indigenous) as part of the past. This invisibilization was so deep that even the notion of mestizaje, so central in other Latin American national discourses (de la Cadena 2000; Gould 1998; Hale 1996), was absent in Argentina. For decades, school textbooks emphasized the cultural homogeneity (i.e. Europeanness) of the country and had a token chapter on the tribes that "used" to inhabit it. At best, brief references indicated that "descendants" of that past survived in marginal corners of the country. This situation created a hegemonic invisibilization of the indigenous question in national imaginings. After the campaigns to the desert, indigenous groups inArgentina were not outside the political gaze of provincial and federal agencies. As Michel Foucault (1977) and James Scott (1998) have examined, the visibility of groups and bodies is a crucial dimension of state control. Yet this visualization stood in tension with the parallel construction of lo indigena as a tense absence, a non-recognized force that was nevertheless there as a latent point of reference in hegemonic narratives. As a result, the dominant emphasis on the whiteness of Argentina ...
En Argentina, la ocurrencia de diabetes y otras enfermedades crónicas en población indígena aún no ha sido suficientemente estudiada. Este trabajo es resultado de una exploración etnográfica de las determinaciones socioculturales y de género de los procesos de atención y prevención de diabetes en indígenas tapietes de la provincia de Salta. La investigación combinó observación participante con entrevistas a varones y mujeres de edad adulta y con diagnóstico de diabetes, y entrevistas a enfermeras y médicas de un centro de atención primaria de Misión Los Tapietes y de un hospital de Tartagal, entre los meses de agosto y septiembre de 2019. En la comunidad se ha observado la creciente presencia de diabetes, junto con la falta de articulación de las intervenciones sociosanitarias con las prácticas nativas de salud-enfermedad-atención; los problemas en la comunicación del diagnóstico y tratamiento; y las dificultades de acceso al sistema de salud. El artículo discute la complejidad de la transición epidemiológica, los sentidos de la enfermedad crónica para los varones y las mujeres, la emergencia traumática de la diabetes y las dificultades en el ejercicio del derecho a la salud de los pueblos originarios.
In this introduction we take a comparative approach to analyze the most outstanding historical and contemporary political and social processes that constitute the Gran Chaco. We take a trinational perspective to examine five major processes that have shaped and continue to influence the socio-economic, political and cultural dynamics in the area: missionization, millenarian movements, the Chaco war, industrial enclaves, political mobilization and the struggle for rights. In each of these descriptions we highlight the peculiarities of how particular events involving different groups of people have developed and played out in each country. In the conclusion we emphasize the main themes that emerge from the chapters, emphasizing similarities and differences that have marked the broad transformations experienced in each country, and delineate present and future challenges that hinge upon the sustainability, both environmental and human, of this vast and complex region.
This paper presents a synchronic analysis of the diseases during the emergence of COVID-19, the management and impact of the lockdown, and how the media narrated these events in working-class neighborhoods of the metropolitan areas of Buenos Aires and Gran Resistencia from March to November 2020. We resorted to quantitative methods on secondary sources to describe poverty and syndemics and conducted week-by-week ethnographic and media research on 38 neighborhoods with water shortages and critical overcrowding. As a result, COVID-19 syndemically emerged with dengue, measles, and tuberculosis, and the preventive measures exacerbated institutional and gender violence, the Werther effect, and the neglect of other illnesses. Ethnography revealed syndemics with noncommunicable diseases and the influence of structural violence on health. The media analysis shows interest in the districts associated with the fear of contagion, but they disappear from the media agenda once dispelled.
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