In this introduction we take a comparative approach to analyze the most outstanding historical and contemporary political and social processes that constitute the Gran Chaco. We take a trinational perspective to examine five major processes that have shaped and continue to influence the socio-economic, political and cultural dynamics in the area: missionization, millenarian movements, the Chaco war, industrial enclaves, political mobilization and the struggle for rights. In each of these descriptions we highlight the peculiarities of how particular events involving different groups of people have developed and played out in each country. In the conclusion we emphasize the main themes that emerge from the chapters, emphasizing similarities and differences that have marked the broad transformations experienced in each country, and delineate present and future challenges that hinge upon the sustainability, both environmental and human, of this vast and complex region.
Losses of crop protection products when agricultural spray applications drift has economic and ecological consequences. Modification of the spray solution through tank additives and product formulation is an important drift reduction strategy that could mitigate these effects, but has been studied less than most other strategies. Therefore, an experimental field study was conducted to evaluate spray drift resulting from agricultural ground applications of an insecticide formulated as a suspension concentrate and as a wettable powder, with and without two adjuvants. Droplet sizes were also measured in a wind tunnel to determine if indirect methods could be substituted for field experimentation to quantify spray drift from these technologies. Results suggest that spray drift was reduced by 37% when comparing the suspension concentrate to the wettable powder formulation.As much as 63% drift reduction was achieved by incorporating certain spray adjuvants, but this depended on the formulation/adjuvant combination. The wind tunnel data for droplet spectra showed strong agreement with field deposition trends, suggesting that droplet statistics could be used to estimate drift reduction of spray solutions. These findings can be used to develop a classification scheme for formulated products and tank additives based on their potential for reducing spray drift. ABSTRACT 17 Losses of crop protection products when agricultural spray applications drift has economic and 18 ecological consequences. Modification of the spray solution through tank additives and product 19 formulation is an important drift reduction strategy that could mitigate these effects, but has been 20 studied less than most other strategies. Therefore, an experimental field study was conducted to 21 evaluate spray drift resulting from agricultural ground applications of an insecticide formulated 22 as a suspension concentrate and as a wettable powder, with and without two adjuvants. Droplet 23 sizes were also measured in a wind tunnel to determine if indirect methods could be substituted 24 for field experimentation to quantify spray drift from these technologies. Results suggest that 25 spray drift was reduced by 37% when comparing the suspension concentrate to the wettable 26 powder formulation. As much as 63% drift reduction was achieved by incorporating certain 27 spray adjuvants, but this depended on the formulation/adjuvant combination. The wind tunnel 28 data for droplet spectra showed strong agreement with field deposition trends, suggesting that 29 droplet statistics could be used to estimate drift reduction of spray solutions. These findings can 30 be used to develop a classification scheme for formulated products and tank additives based on 31 their potential for reducing spray drift.
Over the past decade, the concept of “accumulation by dispossession” has become central to analyses of neoliberal transformations. However, the lack of attention paid to the role of the actors involved in these processes, especially the subaltern groups, presents challenges for the analysis of empirical processes. To overcome these limitations, this chapter proposes to study these processes through an approach centred on the “local rationalities” of subaltern groups (Nilsen and Cox, 2013). From that perspective and based on extensive fieldwork in two indigenous communities in the province of Chaco, Argentina—the Qom and Moqoit—this contribution discusses the multiple positions that members of these communities have adopted in relation to the model of industrial agriculture linked to the expansion of soybean cultivation and how in so doing they have given rise to a different process of rural transformation.
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