Four decades of research into peer bullying have produced an extensive body of knowledge. This work attempts to provide an integrative theoretical framework, which includes the specific theories and observations. The main aim is to organize the available knowledge in order to guide the development of effective interventions. To that end, several psychological theories are described that have been used and/or adapted with the aim of understanding peer bullying. All of them, at different ecological levels and different stages of the process, may describe it in terms of the relational dynamics of power. It is concluded that research needs to take this integrative framework into account; that is to say to consider multi-causal and holistic approaches to bullying. For the intervention, regardless of the format or the target population, the empowerment of the individuals, and the social awareness of the use and abuse of personal power are suggested. Key words: Bullying; peer violence; theoretical framework; review.Título: Propuestas teóricas en la investigación sobre acoso escolar: una revisión. Resumen: Cuatro décadas de investigación sobre acoso entre iguales han conseguido un extenso cuerpo de conocimientos. Este trabajo pretende ofrecer un marco teórico integrador que incluya las teorías y observaciones específicas realizadas hasta el momento. El objetivo es organizar los conocimientos disponibles para orientar en el desarrollo de investigaciones/intervenciones eficaces. Para ello se describen las diversas teorías psicológicas que se han utilizado y/o adaptado para comprender el acoso, en relación a las variables más relevantes. Dichas teorías específicas, muestran el acoso en diferentes niveles ecológicos y momentos del proceso, y pueden describirlo en términos de dinámicas relacionales de poder. Se concluye la necesidad de investigar teniendo en cuenta este marco teórico integrador, que considera la multicausalidad y la perspectiva holística del acoso. En la intervención, cualquiera que sea su formato o población objetivo, se sugiere procurar el empoderamiento de los individuos y la concienciación social en cuanto al uso y el abuso del poder personal. Palabras clave: Bullying; violencia entre pares; marco teórico; revisión.

La pandemia mundial del COVID-19 ha traído una gran cantidad de cambios vitales para la sociedad. Ante esta situación, las familias y sus hijos han tenido que adaptarse a nuevas rutinas y situaciones, lo que puede haber aumentado o agravado el padecimiento de sintomatología emocional. No obstante, la presencia de resiliencia y de estrategias de regulación emocional positivas, puede amortiguar este impacto en las familias con hijos pequeños. El objetivo del presente trabajo es conocer las variables que explicaban los problemas de ajuste emocional familiar ante la pandemia del COVID-19, teniendo en cuenta las díadas de progenitores y sus hijos adolescentes. Participaron 31 díadas de adolescentes entre 11 y 19 años (M =13.90; DT =1.85) y sus cuidadores principales, siendo el 93,50% madres. Tras aceptar participar en el estudio se evaluó la regulación emocional (Cuestionario de Regulación Emocional; ERQ), la resiliencia (Escala de Resiliencia de Connor-Davidson; CD-RISC) y la sintomatología ansiosa, depresiva y el estrés (Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés; DASS). Se realizaron modelos de análisis comparativo cualitativo de conjuntos difusos (fsQCA). En la explicación del desajuste emocional de los cuidadores, el clima familiar negativo y las estrategias de regulación emocional deficientes en sus hijos fueron las variables más relevantes. En la explicación del malestar emocional de los adolescentes, lo fueron la baja resiliencia de estos y las estrategias deficientes de regulación emocional de sus padres. Nuestro estudio señala la relevancia de atender a los miembros de las familias en su conjunto ante crisis vitales de este tipo, mediante programas de intervención que mejoren los vínculos familiares y las estrategias de regulación emocional.

Scientific interest in the positive aspects of aging and the development of healthy aging has increased, given the need to ensure older people well-being and quality of life. In this sense, social support and some sociodemographic variables may have a not yet entirely clear role. The main objective of this work was to analyze the predictive relationships of age, marital status, social support and subjective well-being on the general perception of the health of a group of elderly people. The participants were 137 people (77.4% women) between 61 and 91 years old (M = 73.11; SD = 6.22); 56.9% of them had a partner and 40.1% did not. The path analysis tested indicates that social support has an indirect predictive value on perceived overall health through its influence on subjective well-being. Age and life satisfaction are the most important direct predictors of perceived overall health. Conclusions highlight the need to delve into the study of explanatory factors of the general perception of the health of the elderly and promote interventions to facilitate the development of an appropriate social support network and increase the subjective well-being of this group.

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Previous literature on the psychological impact of COVID-19 has shown a direct relationship between family conflicts and psychological distress among parents and their children during the domestic lockdown and social isolation; but there are also opportunities to enhance family bonding, encourage collective problem-solving and improve personal relationships. This study aimed to explore psychological adjustment processes of Spanish adolescents and their parents during the first month of lockdown by analyzing their narratives, perceived outcomes, protection and risk factors. A total of 142 people agreed to participate in this study. Of all participants, 61 were adolescents (M = 13.57; SD = 1.74; 57% women) and 81 were parents (M = 46.09; SD = 4.72; 91% mothers). All were Spanish residents and completed an online survey during the domestic lockdown in March 2020. From a qualitative design, methodology followed a mixed approach to analyze data. The results showed three different types of adaptation to lockdown and social isolation in both adolescents and their parents: 1) positive adjustment, 2) moderate adjustment, and 3) maladjustment. Most participants reported a good adjustment and only a 20% of parents and a 16% of adolescents stated that they had not been able to achieve a positive psychological adjustment. There are few significant quantitative differences between adolescents and their parents. The qualitative analysis of data showed that adolescents reported less psychological distress than their parents. The two most important protective factors were social support and keeping busy during lockdown. The most significant risk factors were loss of mobility and social isolation. The conclusions stressed that regarding psychological maladjustment, parents experienced feelings of uncertainty whereas adolescents experienced a kind of mourning process. These findings can be used to design and implement effective intervention measures for mental health and psychological well-being in such a difficult situation as domestic lockdown.

Introduction Technologies provide a brilliant opportunity to promote social-emotional competences, well-being and adjustment in adolescence. Game-based programmes and serious games are digital tools that pursue an educational goal in an attractive environment for adolescents. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the effectiveness of emoTIC, a game-based social-emotional programme designed according to Mayer, Caruso, and Salovey’s model of emotional intelligence. Materials and methods The participants were 119 adolescents between 11 and 15 years, randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group. The adolescents completed questionnaires to assess their emotional intelligence, self-esteem, affect balance, difficulties, prosocial behaviour, depression, anxiety and stress. Results The MANCOVA results showed that adolescents who completed the game-based programme had improved self-esteem, affect balance, emotional symptoms, behavioural problems, and hyperactivity (Wilks’ λ = .77; F = 2.10; p = .035). Hierarchical multiple regression indicated that adolescents in the experimental group had a greater change in self-esteem and affect balance (positive β), while their emotional problems and hyperactivity decreased (negative β). Anxiety moderated the influence of the intervention on self-esteem (b = .04; t = -2.55; p ≤ .05; LLCI = -0.43, ULCI = -0.05). Adolescents with low or medium anxiety improved their self-esteem with the intervention, while those with high anxiety did not develop it. Conclusions The use of technology in social-emotional programmes could be the first step in increasing adolescents’ interest in emotions and emoTIC could be considered a useful programme which influences their personal, emotional and social factors. Trial registration Clinical Trial identifier: NCT04414449.

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El Código Técnico de la Edificación (CTE) establece las exigencias básicas que deben cumplir los edificios en relación con los requisitos básicos de seguridad y habitabilidad. El Documento Básico de Seguridad de Utilización (DB-SU) del CTE, identifica unas áreas críticas en las que el impacto con elementos frágiles supondría un riesgo para el usuario. El DB-SU establece los niveles de impacto que deben resistir los vidrios en dichas zonas, según el procedimiento de norma UNE-EN 12600:2003. Sin embargo este procedimiento no facilita información acerca de las características del equipo de ensayo, lo que ocasiona que los resultados obtenidos sean dispersos y muy dependientes del equipo de ensayo. En este artículo se presenta el procedimiento seguido para caracterizar el péndulo de impacto, de manera que se pueda garantizar que durante el impacto se excita únicamente el vidrio. Para ello, ha sido necesario estimar en primer lugar la duración de la excitación durante el impacto. Posteriormente, se ha determinado la frecuencia natural de los vidrios para distintas configuraciones constructivas, geometría y espesores. Finalmente se han determinado los modos de vibración de la estructura soporte del vidrio en el péndulo según distintas fijaciones al suelo. Cabe destacar como conclusión que la frecuencia natural del péndulo varía de una manera importante al modificar las condiciones de contorno, tales como puntos de fijación con la base, fijación del marco, etc. Palabras clave: Vidrios de seguridad, Péndulo de impacto, Códigos prestacionales, Elementos finitos Safety for human impact in glazing of buildingsThe Spanish Building Code (CTE) specifies the demands that should comply the buildings in relation to the essential requirements of safety and habitability. The Fundamental Document of Safety in Use (DB-SU) of the CTE identifies some critical areas where the impact with fragile elements would suppose a risk for the user. The DB-SU establishes the impact levels that glazing should resist, according to the procedure of UNE-EN 12600:2003. However, since this procedure does not give information about characteristics of the testing equipment, results obtained are dispersed and variable with the equipment. This paper presents the procedure followed to characterize the impact pendulum test, so it can be guaranteed that only the glazing response is measured during the impact. First, it has been necessary to estimate the duration of the impact. Then, the glazing natural frequency of different constructive configurations, geometry and thickness has been determined. Finally, vibration modes of the glazing supporting structure from the pendulum, according to different fixing points to the floor is estimated. It should be noted, as a conclusion, that the natural frequency of the pendulum differs in a important way when border conditions are modified, such as fixing points to floor, etc.