Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is among the main components of synaptosomal membranes and myelin sheaths. Because DHA is essential for child neurodevelopment, breast milk DHA levels should be improved by optimizing maternal nutrition. We determined DHA percentage levels in breast milk of low-income mothers receiving care at the public healthcare sector. We performed a descriptive, cross-sectional study in breast milk samples from 39 exclusively breast-feeding adult mothers with normal fetal and neonatal history. Samples were collected 90 ± 7 days after delivery. Breast milk fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. The cut-off value of DHA was 0.3% of total fatty acids in milk according to recommendations. Median DHA in milk was 0.14% (0.12–0.21). Breast milk DHA levels were lower than the minimum recommended in 92% of samples. The analysis of breast milk samples from low-income exclusively breast-feeding mothers showed that they did not reach the minimum recommended DHA percentage.
Background: There is growing interest in the fatty acid composition of breast milk and substitute formulas used to replace or complement infant breastfeeding. Aim: The aims of this study were to assess the impact of two follow-up infant formulas based on cow milk fat, vegetable oils and different docosahexaenoic (DHA) and arachidonic (ARA) acid content on red blood cell membrane fatty acid composition, and determine the percent saturated fatty acid (SFA) incorporation into the membrane. Study design: This was a double-blind, randomized, controlled, parallel-group clinical trial. Infants received treatment or control product for at least four months before the age of six months. The control group (n = 25) received standard infant formula (FA) and the treatment group (n = 24) received the same formula supplemented with higher DHA and ARA content (FB). The reference group (n = 47) consisted of normal healthy exclusively breastfed infants. Outcome measure: Red blood cell membrane fatty acid composition was determined by capillary gas chromatography. Results: Ninety-six infants completed the study (FA,25; FB,24; reference, 47). Higher DHA content reflected higher DHA percentage in the red blood cell membrane. Breast milk and FB did not show any significant differences in DHA content. ARA percentage was higher in breastfed infants and palmitic acid percentage was higher in FB-compared with FA-fed infants. Conclusion: DHA and palmitic acid percent distributions were higher in the red blood cell membrane of infants receiving FB. DHA percent distribution was not significantly different in FB-fed and breastfed infants. SFA percent distribution was not significantly different when comparing both formulas with breast milk.
Vitamin A content was not enough to satisfy the recommendations in half of the cases.
The aim of this study was to assess the fatty acid (FA) percentage distribution in complex lipids of breast milk from mothers on a low docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) diet. We performed a descriptive, cross-sectional study of milk samples (n = 14) collected 90 days after delivery and analyzed them using gas chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and the Fiske-Subbarow method. Complex lipid distribution was 40.70 ± 5.11% sphingomyelin (SM), 26.03 ± 5.98% phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), 21.12 ± 2.32% phosphatidylcholine, 7.94 ± 1.96% phosphatidylserine, and 4.22 ± 1.25% phosphatidylinositol. Median DHA and arachidonic acid values were 0.13% (0.12; 0.18) and 0.42% (0.33; 0.53), respectively. Mean FA percentage in SM and PE was as follows: palmitic acid, 34.45 ± 1.94% and 5.38 ± 0.94%; oleic acid, 16.50 ± 4.07% and 9.43 ± 4.05%; linoleic acid, 5.91 ± 4.69% and 9.05 ± 4.5%. DHA was not detectable in SM, but it was found in PE (55. 33 ± 14.46). In conclusion, breast milk of mothers on a low DHA diet contained 55% DHA in PE, but no DHA in SM.
RESUMENLos micronutrientes se incorporan a la estructura del sistema nervioso central y cumplen importantes roles funcionales: estimulan el desarrollo, la migración y la diferenciación de las células nerviosas. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar la literatura científica sobre el rol de los micronutrientes en el desarrollo de la estructura y función cerebral infantil. De esta manera, se busca aportar al pediatra mayor conocimiento sobre la importancia de la incorporación equilibrada de todos los nutrientes bajo el hilo conductor de la composición de la leche humana. Fueron revisadas las bases de datos de MEDLINE vía PubMed, TRIP database y LILACS. Un adecuado aporte de micronutrientes, como calcio, cobre, colina, cinc, hierro, ácido fólico, iodo y vitaminas, durante el embarazo, la lactancia y la alimentación complementaria impactará sobre el desarrollo cerebral y/o su funcionamiento. INTRODUCCIÓNEl desarrollo del sistema nervioso central (SNC) es un proceso dinámico d e t e r m i n a d o g e n é t i c a m e n t e y modulado por un conjunto de factores epigenéticos.
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