The article presents a review of Brazilian tobacco control policies from 1986 to 2016, based on contributions from political economics and analyses of public policies. The institutionalization of tobacco control in the country was marked by more general changes in health policies and by specific events related to the theme. Brazil's international leadership role, a robust National Tobacco Control Policy, the role of civil society and the media all contributed to the success of tobacco control in this country. However, challenges remain regarding crop diversification in tobacco farms, illegal trade in cigarettes, pressure from the tobacco industry and the sustainability of the Policy. This study reinforces the importance of bearing in mind the relationship between the domestic and international context, and the articulation between different governmental and non-governmental sectors and players when analyzing complex health policies. Continuity and consolidation of the tobacco control policies depend on the persistence of a broad institutional framework to guide the State's actions in social protection, in accordance with Unified Healthcare System guidelines.
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of women farmers concerning tobacco agriculture in a municipality in Southern BrazilConhecimentos, atitudes e práticas de agricultoras sobre o processo de produção de tabaco em um município da Região Sul do Brasil Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de agricultoras sobre el proceso de producción del tabaco en un municipio de la Región Sur de Brasil
Self-rated health and physical disabilities due to heath problems RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar a autopercepção de saúde e a presença de limitações físicas devido a problemas de saúde.
MÉTODOS:
RESULTADOS:Os resultados mostraram que as piores condições de saúde são referidas por mulheres, indivíduos com 50 anos ou mais e com menor grau de escolaridade. Os percentuais relacionados à percepção de saúde regular ou ruim foram maiores nas cidades das regiões Norte e Nordeste quando comparados aos das cidades das regiões Sul e Sudeste.
CONCLUSÕES:As piores condições de saúde das regiões Norte/Nordeste comparadas as das regiões Sul/Sudeste revelam um conjunto de fatores relacionados às desigualdades sociais, entre os quais o menor grau de escolaridade.
This study analyzes Brazil's tobacco control policy from 1986 to 2016, seeking to describe the policy's history and discuss its achievements, limits, and challenges. The study adopted a political economics approach and contributions from public policy analysis. Data were based on a search of the literature, documents, and secondary sources and semi-structured interviews with stakeholders involved in the policy. Factors related to the domestic and international contexts, the political process, and the policy's content influenced the institutional characteristics of tobacco control in the country. The study emphasizes the consolidation of Brazil's social rejection of smoking, government structuring of the policy, action by civil society, and Brazil's prestige in the international scenario. Inter-sector tobacco control measures like price and tax increases on cigarettes, the promotion of smoke-free environments, and the enforcement of health warnings contributed to the important reduction in prevalence of smoking. Implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in Brazil, beginning in 2006, contributed to the expansion and consolidation of the national policy. However, tobacco-related economic interests limited the implementation of some strategic measures. The challenges feature the medium- and long-term sustainability of tobacco control and the solution to barriers involving crop diversification on current tobacco-growing areas, the fight against the illegal cigarette trade, and interference in the policy by the tobacco industry.
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