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The colonization of the epiphytic niche of Neotropical forest canopies played an important role in orchid's extraordinary diversification, with rare reversions to the terrestrial habit. To understand the evolutionary context of those reversals, we investigated the diversification of Galeandra, a Neotropical orchid genus which includes epiphytic and terrestrial species. We hypothesized that reversion to the terrestrial habit accompanied the expansion of savannas. To test this hypothesis we generated a comprehensive time-calibrated phylogeny and employed comparative methods. We found that Galeandra originated towards the end of the Miocene in Amazonia. The terrestrial clade originated synchronously with the rise of dry vegetation biomes in the last 5 million years, suggesting that aridification dramatically impacted plant diversification and habits in the Neotropics. Shifts in habit impacted floral spur lengths and geographic range size, but not climatic niche. The longer spurs and narrower ranges characterize epiphytic species, which probably adapted to specialized long-tongued Euglossini bee pollinators inhabiting forested habits. The terrestrial species present variable floral spurs and wider distribution ranges, with evidence of self-pollination, suggesting the loss of specialized pollination system and concomitant range expansion. Our study highlights how climate change impacted habit evolution and associated traits such as mutualistic interactions with pollinators.

ResumoGaleandra possui 18 espécies terrícolas e epífitas com distribuição neotropical, sendo reconhecidas principalmente pelas flores com labelo em forma de funil e calcar na base. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o estudo taxonômico de Galeandra no estado do Paraná, apresentando descrições, ilustrações, mapa de distribuição, chave de identificação, status de conservação e comentários para cada espécie. O gênero está presente nas cinco unidades fitogeográficas do estado, ocorrendo em Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (G. beyrichii e G, styllomisantha), nas Florestas Ombrófilas Mista e Densa (G. beyrichii) em vegetações de campo e áreas relictuais de Cerrado (G. beyrichii, G. montana e G. paraguayensis, sendo G. montana o primeiro registro para o estado). De acordo com os critérios da IUCN, G. beyrichii apresenta baixo risco (LC) de extinção, G. paraguayensis pode ser considerada em perigo (EN) e G. montana e G. styllomisantha como criticamente em perigo (CR) sendo a última possivelmente extinta no estado. Palavras-chave: Biodiversidade, Flora do Paraná, IUCN, Floresta Atlântica. AbstractGaleandra has 18 species with Neotropical distribution. Consisting of terrestrial and epiphytic species, the genus is recognized by flowers with funnel-shaped lip and spur at the base.

The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora.

Este trabalho consiste no estudo florístico e taxonômico das espécies do gênero Galeandra Lindl. na Amazônia Brasileira. Foi confirmada a ocorrência de sete espécies: G. baueri Lindl., G. curvifolia Barb. Rodr., G. devoniana Schomb. ex Lindl., G. lacustris Barb. Rodr., G. montana Barb. Rodr., G. stangeana Rchb.f. e G. stillomisantha (Vell.) Hoenhe. Galeandra. baueri foi considerada nova ocorrência para a flora do Brasil. Apesar de G. beyrichii Rchb.f. e G. paraguayensis Cogn. não ocorrerem em áreas da Amazônia Brasileira propriamente dita, elas foram incluídas neste estudo porque ocorrem em áreas pertencentes à Amazônia Legal. São apresentadas chave de identificação, descrições e ilustrações, bem como comentários sobre a distribuição geográfica, hábitat e aspectos fenológicos para as espécies estudadas.

The colonization of the epiphytic niche of tropical forest canopies played an important role in orchid’s extraordinary diversification in the Neotropics. However, reversals to the terrestrial habit occurred sparsely in species of Epidendroideae. To better understand which factors might have been involved in reversals to terrestrial habits in the predominantly epiphytic Epidendroideae, we investigate Galeandra diversification in time and space. We hypothesized that the reversal to the terrestrial habitat is linked to the origin of open vegetation habitats in South America. We generated a time-calibrated phylogeny based on a matrix of 17 out of 20 species of Galeandra plus outgroups and seven DNA markers. We found that Galeandra originated towards end of the Miocene, about 10 Ma in Amazonia (including the Guiana Shield). The terrestrial clade originated synchronously with the rise of dry vegetation biomes, suggesting that aridification during the last 5 million years dramatically impacted the diversification of epiphytic lineages in the Neotropics. Habit is correlated with floral spur lengths and geographic range size. The longer spurs and narrower ranges are found in epiphytic species: probably adapted to a specialized pollination mode, associated to the long-tongued Euglossini bees, which also prefer forested habits. The terrestrial species presents variable floral spurs and wide distribution ranges, with evidence of self-pollination, suggesting the loss of specialized pollination system and concomitant range expansion.

of Orchidaceae from the state of Sergipe, Brazil. Biota Neotrop. 12(2): http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/ v12n2/en/abstract?inventory+bn01012022012Abstract: The state of Sergipe, located in the Northeast Region of Brazil, covers an area of 21,994 km 2 and is the smallest state in the country. The vegetation of this region is predominantly caatinga, but there are also mangroves, dunes, restinga, fragments of original Atlantic Forest (which are intermingled with pastures, secondary growth, and agricultural land) and cerrado. During intensive fieldwork in Sergipe, we observed various Orchidaceae species that had not been recorded for the state, which made it necessary to update the list of species for this region. Within the state, the family is represented by 63 species and 34 genera, of which Habenaria (10 spp.) Epidendrum (4 spp.) and Encyclia (4 spp.) are highlights. Orchidaceae species from this region are generally terrestrial and occur in grasslands (59%, 37 of 63 spp.). The remaining species are epiphytes (21 spp.) and hemiepiphytes (3 spp.). The majority of the species flower at the beginning of the rainy season. Of the 61 species that were recorded during this study, 34 species are new records for the state of Sergipe. This work includes a list of the species of Orchidaceae from Sergipe, and provides data about the phenology and habitat for each taxon. Resumo: O estado de Sergipe, localizado na região Nordeste do Brasil, abrange uma área de 21.994 km 2 , sendo o menor da federação. A cobertura vegetal predominante do estado é representada pela Caatinga, mas encontra-se também vegetação de mangue, dunas, restingas, fragmentos florestais, originários da Mata Atlântica, entremeados por áreas de pastagens, capoeiras e áreas agrícolas, além de formações de Cerrado. A partir de um intenso trabalho de campo, observou-se a ocorrência de diversas Orchidaceae ainda não catalogadas para o estado, portanto, fazendo-se necessária a atualização na listagem das espécies ocorrentes em Sergipe. A família está representada no estado por 63 espécies subordinadas a 34 gêneros, dentre os quais se destacam: Habenaria (10 spp.) Epidendrum (4 spp.) e Encyclia (4 spp.). As espécies encontradas ocorrem principalmente nas formações campestres (59%, 37 de 63), o que explica a predominância da forma de vida terrestre. As demais espécies estão distribuídas em epífitas (21 spp.) e hemiepífitas (3 spp.). A maioria das espécies floresce no início do período chuvoso. Dentre as 63 espécies encontradas 34 são novas ocorrências para o estado de Sergipe. Este trabalho inclui listagem das espécies ocorrentes em Sergipe, assim como dados fenológicos e habitat. Palavras-chave: plantas do nordeste, inventário, biodiversidade vegetal.