In Chile, patients infected with H. pylori have a proportion of CagA-positive strains similar to that reported in developed countries. CagA prevalence was not significantly different in adults and children infected with H. pylori, suggesting that variations in clinical outcome may be related to host immune or environmental factors.

No abstract

No abstract

leukemia (CLL), Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Case reports indicate ibrutinib may induce pneumonia in CLL patients. The purpose of this study was to estimate the association between ibrutinib and pneumonia in patients with lymphoid disorders (CLL, WM and MCL). Methods: A retrospective cohort study using IQVIA IMS Lifelink Pharmetrics Plus data from the year 2013 to 2018 was conducted. The cohort comprised individuals suffering from CLL, WM, or MCL. Patients who received ibrutinib were considered to be exposed and the first claim of ibrutinib within the study period was considered as index date. Patients who did not receive ibrutinib were considered to be un-exposed and the first claim for any drug other than ibrutinib was considered to be the index date. Cases and controls were matched 1:5 on the variables of age (62 years), sex, and geographic region. Patients were followed for six months after index date to assess for pneumonia. Results: Matched groups included 80 exposed and 400 unexposed subjects. Of these, 9 (11%) patients from the exposed group and 16 (4%) patients from the unexposed group developed pneumonia. The unadjusted relative risk (RR) of pneumonia in patients using ibrutinib versus those using any other drug was found to be 1.0004 (C.I=0.9997-1.001). Conclusions: This unadjusted analysis did not detect an association between ibrutinib and pneumonia. According to post-hoc power calculations, a RR of 2.9 would be needed to detect an association given the available sample size suggesting a more robust study is warranted.