Coronaviruses are the fascinating group of viruses with the unusual molecular mechanism of recombination and transcription and also consist newly emerged pathogens. The emergence of SARS and coronavirus as its etiological agent was found totally surprising in community of coronaviruses. As it was the first strain found to be causing severe illness in humans and also in moderate cases causes death. Till now there are found to be seven strains of coronaviruses affecting humans including newly found coronavirus. The NL63 strains and HKU1 strains both provide model for newly described identified human coronaviruses. Other strains OC43 MERS-CoV, 229E and SARS-CoV associated genome analysis showed identification and characterization of protease and replicase as well as various enzymatic activities of open reading frame ORF1a and 1b of these strains. All this provides us target for which potential drug can be evaluated. Various novel respiratory viruses including SARS-COV and NL63 were found in past 3 years. Then the discovery of another coronavirus HKU1 found in china. The other which had been recently emerged in Wuhan, China named as COVID-19. The genome of all strains of coronaviruses is described in this paper which will be helpful in decoding genome, diagnostics and prognosis of COVID-19.

Multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a critical situation affecting adults as properly as children across the globe (1). To determine the incidence and risk factors associated with Multiple Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) (2), we studied Ototoxicity on 18 culture confirmed MDR-TB patients in Eras' Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow from September, 2019 to January, 2020. This case follows a well documented report of a patient describing an unusual and novel occurrence of ototoxicity when undergoing treatment concerning multiple drug resistance tuberculosis along with symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up (3). For descriptive convenience, the patient will be classified as patient 1. The following case is the cornerstones of medical progress and provides many new ideas in medicine. Containing an extensive review of the relevant literature on the topic, the case report is a rapid short communication between busy clinicians who may not have time or resources to conduct large scale research.(4)

Craniopharyngiomas are rare benign epithelial tumours arising from the pituitary stalk or gland. The sellar and parasellar region is the most commonly involved sites but at times tumors extend below the sellar floor involving the sphenoid sinus, invade the pharynx and reach upto the nasal cavities. Here is a case of 14 years old boy presenting with nasal cavity mass leading to bilateral obstruction and he was operated to excise the mass lesion. Grossly a grayish white cystic mass lesion was obtained after excision biopsy. On cut section, cyst contained a greyish brown thick liquid like material, with the microscopic findings of densely packed nodules of well differentiated epithelium along with stellate reticulum and wet keratin consistent with the diagnosis of craniopharyngioma. Clinical features along with imaging characteristics (except site of the lesion) and histopathological findings were all consistent with primary admantinomatous craniopharyngioma,

Currently, all SARS-CoV-2 detection measures make use of RT-PCR test, and its results are generally reported as either positive or negative, which tells us if a person is infected. However, to contain the pandemic, what we need to know is whether that person is infectious or in other words, 'can he spread the disease?' It's critical to know that the RT-PCR test does give an extra degree of the viral load within the test. This perusing is called the cycle threshold (Ct) value. [1] Prove recommends that detailing this Ct value (calculated viral load) can help in a higher elucidation of the condition, additionally in taking clinical choices. The conclusion, screening, and reconnaissance depend on an extremely intense respiratory disorder coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reverse transcriptase polymerase chain response (RT-qPCR) tests, and comes about being for the most part detailed to the requesting physician as positive or negative. [2] In any case, the test does give a degree of the viral load within the test, in what is called the cycle threshold (Ct) value. Through this article we suggest guidelines which announcing this Ct value, or a calculated viral load, can help in the elucidation and clinical choices in conjunction with its importance and interference.

As from the first outbreak of COVID-19 the clinical feature of COVID-19 had been changing progressively. Various data had been reported viral intra and inter-host evolution favoring the mild COVID-19 strains are being accumulating, for better understanding the evolution of COVID-19. So it is essential to investigate the genetic and phenotypic features of this virus. COVID-19 consist various variant so larger clades had been produced and various distinct nomenclature had been proposed. In December 2020 Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) named Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as hCoV-19 and next strain identified five clades and after that investigators identified 5 lineages (A, B, B.1, B.1.1, B.1.777). The new variant of COVID-19 identified SARS-Cov-2 VUI 202012/01 had been known of lineage B.1.777. COVID-19 associated new variant SARS-CoV-2 VUI (Variant Under Investigation) 202012/01 contains a series of mutation had been described in United Kingdom (UK) and had been found to be highly prevalent in Southeast England and London. All of this mutation is found to be more frequently transmissible than various other strains of COVID-19 Scientist are currently working on vaccine which will protect people against this virus. Currently there is not any evidence about this variant causing more serious illness or higher risk of mortality.