While machine learning approaches to analyzing Alzheimer disease connectome neuroimaging data have been studied, many have limited ability to provide insight in individual patterns of disease and lack the ability to provide actionable information about where in the brain a specific patient's disease is located. We studied a cohort of patients with Alzheimer disease who underwent resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tractography imaging. These images were processed, and a structural and functional connectivity matrix was generated using the HCP cortical and subcortical atlas. By generating a machine learning model, individual-level structural and functional anomalies detection and characterization were explored in this study. Our study found that structural disease burden in Alzheimer's patients is mainly focused in the subcortical structures and the Default mode network (DMN). Interestingly, functional anomalies were less consistent between individuals and less common in general in these patients. More intriguing was that some structural anomalies were noted in all patients in the study, namely a reduction in fibers involving parcellations in the right anterior cingulate. Alternately, the functional consequences of connectivity loss were cortical and variable. Integrated structural/functional connectomics might provide a useful tool for assessing AD progression, while few concerns have been made for analyzing the mismatch between these two. We performed a preliminary exploration into a set of Alzheimer disease data, intending to improve a personalized approach to understanding individual connectomes in an actionable manner. Specifically, we found that there were consistent patterns of white matter fiber loss, mainly focused around the DMN and deep subcortical structures, which were present in nearly all patients with clinical AD. Functional magnetic resonance imaging shows abnormal functional connectivity different within the patients, which may be used as the individual target for further therapeutic strategies making, like non-invasive stimulation technology.

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune disorder mediated by NMDAR antibodies, typically manifesting as behavioral complaints, psychosis, seizures, movement disorders, hypoventilation, and autonomic dysfunction. In recent years, the predisposing factors and pathophysiological mechanisms of anti-NMDAR encephalitis have been tried to be clarified. It has been recognized that an overlap may be observed between anti-NMDAR encephalitis and inflammatory demyelinating disease. However, anti-NMDAR encephalitis is rarely associated with multiple sclerosis. Here, we describe a Chinese female patient diagnosed with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis who developed anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Further, we discuss the previously reported literature.

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