Columns containing immobilized lipoproteins were prepared for the analysis of drug interactions with these particles by high-performance affinity chromatography. This approach was evaluated by using it to examine the binding of high density lipoprotein (HDL) to the drugs propranolol or verapamil. HDL was immobilized by the Schiff base method onto silica and gave HPLC columns with reproducible binding to propranolol over four to five days of continuous operation at pH 7.4. Frontal analysis experiments indicated that two types of interactions were occurring between R/Spropranolol and HDL at 37°C: saturable binding with an association equilibrium constant (K a ) of 1.1-1.9 × 10 5 M −1 , and non-saturable binding with an overall affinity constant (n K a ) of 3.7-4.1 × 10 4 M −1 . Similar results were found at 4 and 27°C. Verapamil also gave similar behavior, with a K a of 6.0 × 10 4 M −1 at 37°C for the saturable sites and a n K a value for the non-saturable sites of 2.5 × 10 4 M −1 . These measured affinities gave good agreement with solution-phase values. The results indicated HPAC can be used to study drug interactions with HDL, providing information that should be valuable in obtaining a better description of how drugs are transported within the body.
The binding of verapamil to the protein human serum albumin (HSA) was examined by using highperformance affinity chromatography. Many previous reports have investigated the binding of verapamil with HSA, but the exact strength and nature of this interaction (e.g., the number and location of binding sites) is still unclear. In this study, frontal analysis indicated that at least one major binding site was present for R-and S-verapamil on HSA, with estimated association equilibrium constants on the order of 10 4 M −1 and a 1.4-fold difference in these values for the verapamil enantiomers at pH 7.4 and 37°C. The presence of a second, weaker group of binding sites on HSA was also suggested by these results. Competitive binding studies using zonal elution were carried out between verapamil and various probe compounds that have known interactions with several major and minor sites on HSA. R/S-Verapamil was found to have direct competition with S-warfarin, indicating that verapamil was binding to Sudlow site I (i.e., the warfarin-azapropazone site of HSA). The average association equilibrium constant for R-and S-verapamil at this site was 1.4 (±0.1) × 10 4 M −1 . Verapamil did not have any notable binding to Sudlow site II of HSA but did appear to have some weak allosteric interactions with L-tryptophan, a probe for this site. An allosteric interaction between verapamil and tamoxifen (a probe for the tamoxifen site) was also noted, which was consistent with the binding of verapamil at Sudlow site I. No interaction was seen between verapamil and digitoxin, a probe for the digitoxin site of HSA. These results gave good agreement with previous observations made in the literature and help provide a more detailed description of how verapamil is transported in blood and of how it may interact with other drugs in the body.
L-histidine formulation buffer can be contaminated to induce histidine degradation to trans-urocanic acid, which shows a large UV 280 nm absorbing peak at the total permeation volume under SEC conditions. Amino acids alanine and cysteine effectively inhibit this histidine degradation.
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