Background: Excessive intake of carbohydrates and fats causes over-nutrition, leading to a variety of diseases and complications. Here, we characterized the effects of different types of sugar and lipids on the growth and development of Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods: We measured the lifespan, reproductive capacity, and length of nematodes after sugars and lipids treatment alone and co-treatment of sugars and lipids. Furthermore, we studied the mechanisms underlying the damage caused by high-sucrose and high-stearic acid on C.elegans by using transcriptome sequencing technology. Results: The results showed that a certain concentration of sugar and lipid promoted the growth and development of nematodes. However, excessive sugars and lipids shortened the lifespan and length of nematodes and destroyed their reproductive capacity. Based on the results of the orthogonal test, we selected 400 mmol/L sucrose and 500 μg/mL stearic acid to model a high-sugar and high-lipid diet for C. elegans. Conclusion: High-sugar and high-lipid intake altered the expression of genes involved in biofilm synthesis, genes that catalyze the synthesis and degradation of endogenous substances, and genes involved in innate immunity, resulting in physiological damage. Furthermore, we explored the protective effect of resveratrol on high-sugar and high-lipid damage to nematodes. Resveratrol plays a role in repairing by participating in the metabolism of foreign substances and reducing cellular oxidative stress.

The ongoing pandemic is laying bare dramatic differences in the spread of COVID-19 across seemingly similar urban environments. Identifying the urban determinants that underlie these differences is an open research question, which can contribute to more epidemiologically resilient cities, optimized testing and detection strategies, and effective immunization efforts. Here, we perform a computational analysis of COVID-19 spread in three cities of similar size in New York State (Colonie, New Rochelle, and Utica) aiming to isolate urban determinants of infections and deaths. We develop detailed digital representations of the cities and simulate COVID-19 spread using a complex agent-based model, taking into account differences in spatial layout, mobility, demographics, and occupational structure of the population. By critically comparing pandemic outcomes across the three cities under equivalent initial conditions, we provide compelling evidence in favor of the central role of hospitals. Specifically, with highly efficacious testing and detection, the number and capacity of hospitals, as well as the extent of vaccination of hospital employees are key determinants of COVID-19 spread. The modulating role of these determinants is reduced at lower efficacy of testing and detection, so that the pandemic outcome becomes equivalent across the three cities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11524-022-00623-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

18Excessive intake of carbohydrates and fats causes over-nutrition, leading to a variety of diseases and 19 complications. Here, we characterized the effects of different types of sugar and lipids on the 20 growth and development of Caenorhabditis elegans. We measured the lifespan, reproductive 21 capacity, and length of nematodes after sugars and lipids treatment alone and co-treatment of sugars 22 and lipids. Furthermore, by using transcriptome sequencing technology, we studied the mechanisms 23 underlying the damaged caused by high-sucrose and high-stearic acid on C. elegans. The results 24 showed that a certain concentration of sugar and lipid promoted the growth and development of 25 nematodes. However, excessive sugars and lipids shortened the lifespan and length of nematodes 26 and destroyed their reproductive capacity. Based on the results of the orthogonal test, we selected 27 400 mmol/L sucrose and 500 μg/mL stearic acid to model a high-sugar and high-lipid diet for C. 28 elegans. High-sugar and high-lipid intake altered the expression of genes involved in biofilm 29 synthesis, genes that catalyze the synthesis and degradation of endogenous substances, and genes 30 involved in innate immunity, resulting in physiological damage. 31 Introduction 32 All animals require energy to sustain basic life activities, such as survival, growth, and 33 reproduction. Digested and absorbed, dietary nutrients are important precursors for the synthesis 34 and metabolism of cells. Carbohydrates and fats are the main organic material sources to sustain life 35 activities. Carbohydrates are present in all living organisms and have a variety of basic functions, 36providing energy for all non-photosynthetic organisms. Lipids perform many essential functions in 37 cells. Due to their highly reduced state, they are effective energy storage molecules. They are 38 bilayered hydrophobic units that form cells and organelle membranes, and act as effective signaling 39 molecules to facilitate communication between cells (SATOUCHI et al. 1993). Reasonable 40 2 carbohydrate and fat intake has a positive impact on human life activities, but excessive intake may 41 be harmful to the human body, leading to diabetes, high blood pressure, and tumors. In recent years, 42 with the prevalence of human obesity and diabetes, interest in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism 43 has become increasingly prominent. 44With the improvement in people's living standards, the dietary structure has gradually developed 45 towards high sugar and high lipid. Continued high sugar and high lipid intake can lead to several 46 abnormal conditions, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. High fat and high lipid intake lead to 47 over-nutrition, which, in turn, causes obesity. In the past 40 years, the world's obese population has 48 increased from 105 million in 1975 to 641 million in 2014. Almost one in every 8 adults in the 49 world has obesity problems; China is a country with the greatest number of obese people (ASHRAFI 50 2007). Obesity increases the risk ...

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