Background: Ae. aegypti mosquitoes stably transfected with the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia pipientis (wMel strain) have been deployed for biocontrol of dengue and related arboviral diseases in multiple countries. Field releases in northern Australia have previously demonstrated near elimination of local dengue transmission from Wolbachia-treated communities, and pilot studies in Indonesia have demonstrated the feasibility and acceptability of the method. We conducted a quasi-experimental trial to evaluate the impact of scaled Wolbachia releases on dengue incidence in an endemic setting in Indonesia. Methods: In Yogyakarta City, Indonesia, following extensive community engagement, wMel Wolbachia-carrying mosquitoes were released every two weeks for 13–15 rounds over seven months in 2016–17, in a contiguous 5 km2 area (population 65,000). A 3 km2 area (population 34,000) on the opposite side of the city was selected a priori as an untreated control area. Passive surveillance data on notified hospitalised dengue patients was used to evaluate the epidemiological impact of Wolbachia deployments, using controlled interrupted time-series analysis. Results: Rapid and sustained introgression of wMel Wolbachia into local Ae. aegypti populations was achieved. Thirty-four dengue cases were notified from the intervention area and 53 from the control area (incidence 26 vs 79 per 100,000 person-years) during 24 months following Wolbachia deployment. This corresponded in the regression model to a 73% reduction in dengue incidence (95% confidence interval 49%,86%) associated with the Wolbachia intervention. Exploratory analysis including 6 months additional post-intervention observations showed a small strengthening of this effect (30 vs 115 per 100,000 person-years; 76% reduction in incidence, 95%CI 60%,86%). Conclusions: We demonstrate a significant reduction in dengue incidence following successful introgression of Wolbachia into local Ae. aegypti populations in an endemic setting in Indonesia. These findings are consistent with previous field trials in northern Australia, and support the effectiveness of this novel approach for dengue control.
Background: Ae. aegypti mosquitoes stably transfected with the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia pipientis (wMel strain) have been deployed for the biocontrol of dengue and related arboviral diseases in multiple countries. Field releases in northern Australia have previously demonstrated near elimination of local dengue transmission from Wolbachia-treated communities, and pilot studies in Indonesia have demonstrated the feasibility and acceptability of the method. We conducted a quasi-experimental trial to evaluate the impact of scaled Wolbachiareleases on dengue incidence in an endemic setting in Indonesia. Methods and findings: In Yogyakarta City, Indonesia, following an extensive community engagement campaign, wMel Wolbachia-carrying mosquitoes were released every two weeks for 13−15 release rounds over seven months in 2016−17, in a contiguous 5 km2 area (population 65,000). A 3 km2 area (population 34,000) on the opposite side of the city was selected a priori as an untreated control area, on the basis of comparable socio-demographic characteristics and historical dengue incidence. Passive surveillance data on notified hospitalised dengue patients was used to evaluate the epidemiological impact of Wolbachia deployments, using controlled interrupted time series analysis. Rapid and sustained introgression of wMel Wolbachia into local Ae. aegypti populations was achieved. Thirty-four dengue cases were notified from the intervention area and 53 from the control area (incidence 26 vs 79 per 100,000 person-years) during the 24 months after Wolbachia was deployed. This corresponded in the regression model to a 73% reduction in dengue incidence (95% confidence interval 49%,86%) associated with the Wolbachia intervention. Exploratory analysis including an additional 6 months of post-intervention observations showed a small strengthening of this effect (30 vs 115 per 100,000 person-years; 76% reduction in incidence, 95%CI 60%,86%). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate a significant reduction in dengue incidence following successful introgression of Wolbachia into local Ae. aegypti populations in an endemic setting in Indonesia. These results are consistent with previous field trials in northern Australia, and support the effectiveness of this novel approach for the control of dengue and other Aedes-borne diseases.
Indonesia is one of the countries where dengue infection is prevalent. In this study we measure the prevalence and distribution of dengue virus (DENV) DENV-infected Aedes aegypti in Yogyakarta City, Indonesia, during the wet season when high dengue transmission period occurred, as baseline data before implementation of a Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti trial for dengue control. We applied One-Step Multiplex Real Time PCR (RT-PCR) for the type-specific-detection of dengue viruses in field-caught adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. In a prospective field study conducted from December 2015 to May 2016, adult female Aedes aegypti were caught from selected areas in Yogyakarta City, and then screened by using RT-PCR. During the survey period, 36 (0.12%) mosquitoes from amongst 29,252 female mosquitoes were positive for a DENV type. In total, 22.20% of dengue-positive mosquitoes were DENV-1, 25% were DENV-2, 17% were DENV-3, but none were positive for DENV-4. This study has provided dengue virus infection prevalence in field-caught Aedes aegypti and its circulating serotype in Yogyakarta City before deployment of Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti.
The Applying Wolbachia to Eliminate Dengue (AWED) trial was a parallel cluster randomised trial that demonstrated Wolbachia (wMel) introgression into Ae. aegypti populations reduced dengue incidence. In this predefined substudy, we compared between treatment arms, the relative abundance of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus before, during and after wMel-introgression. Between March 2015 and March 2020, 60,084 BG trap collections yielded 478,254 Ae. aegypti and 17,623 Ae. albopictus. Between treatment arms there was no measurable difference in Ae. aegypti relative abundance before or after wMel-deployments, with a count ratio of 0.96 (95% CI 0.76, 1.21) and 1.00 (95% CI 0.85, 1.17) respectively. More Ae. aegypti were caught per trap per week in the wMel-intervention arm compared to the control arm during wMel deployments (count ratio 1.23 (95% CI 1.03, 1.46)). Between treatment arms there was no measurable difference in the Ae. albopictus population size before, during or after wMel-deployment (overall count ratio 1.10 (95% CI 0.89, 1.35)). We also compared insecticide resistance phenotypes of Ae. aegypti in the first and second years after wMel-deployments. Ae. aegypti field populations from wMel-treated and untreated arms were similarly resistant to malathion (0.8%), permethrin (1.25%) and cyfluthrin (0.15%) in year 1 and year 2 of the trial. In summary, we found no between-arm differences in the relative abundance of Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus prior to or after wMel introgression, and no between-arm difference in Ae. aegypti insecticide resistance phenotypes. These data suggest neither Aedes abundance, nor insecticide resistance, confounded the epidemiological outcomes of the AWED trial.
<p><strong>Pendahuluan :</strong>Sejak wabah pertama dilaporkan di Wuhan, Cina pada Desember 2019<sup>1</sup> virus corona (COVID-19) dengan cepat menjadi perhatian global. WHO menyatakan wabah virus sebagai pandemi pada 11 Maret 2020. Saat ini lebih dari 100 juta orang telah terinfeksi COVID-19, dengan lebih dari dua juta kematian di seluruh dunia<sup>2</sup>. Data covid-19 di Indonesia lebih dari 1 juta ditahun 2021 dengan angka kematian diangka 25.000 orang . Kabupaten sukoharjo, merupakan salah satu kabupaten yang menyumbangkan pasien covid-19 dengan jumlah saat ini mencapai lebih dari 4300 orang (corona kab sukoharjo, 2021). Dalam upaya untuk memperlambat laju infeksi dan kematian, pemerintah di kabupaten sukoharjo telah membentuk tim “Sukoharjo tanggap COVID-19” yang bertugas untuk membagikan 34.500 masker ke masyarakat, penutupan tempat makan, fasilitasi tempat cuci tangan di pasar, Pengadaan rumah sehat Covid-19, tim posko covid-19 siaga 24 jam, penundaan pelayanan langsung pemerintahan dan pembatalan hajatan masyarakat. Walaupun pemerintah sangat tanggap dalam upaya pencegahan covid-19 ini, tapi untuk sosialisasi dan pendampingan langsung kepada keluarga belum maksimal, yaitu pada kepatuhan berperilaku hidup bersih dan sehat (PHBS), juga termasuk protocol kesehatan pencegahan covid. Kita ketahui bahwa keluarga merupakan faktor terdekat dalam penularan covid, sehingga menunjukan pentingnya keluarga sebagai fokus dalam pencegahan penyebaran Covid-19.</p><p><strong>Metode:</strong> Pengabdian ini akan dilakukan dengan memberikan intervensi berupa pemdampingan dengan pemberian edukasi dan monitoring tentang perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat (PHBS) guna pencegahan Covids-19 di wilayah puskesmas Bendosari, Sukoharjo. Perilaku hidup sehat ini juga meliputi kepatuhan penggunaan menggunakan masker, jaga jarak dan mencuci tangan.</p><p><strong>Hasil dan pembahasan:</strong> Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini dihadiri oleh 47 kader dengan protokol kesehatan yang ketat. Selama kegiatan berlangsung, kader sangat antusias dalam menyimak edukasi yang ditampilkan dalam bentuk presentasi power point, mereka juga interaktif dalam berdiskusi. Berdasarkan hasil pengabdian, terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan menjadi 63, dengan terlihat hampir 85% peserta pada materi PHBS dan Protokol kesehatan memiliki pengetahuan yang sangat baik. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa pengabdian yang dilaksanakan efektif dan sesuai dengan data sebelumnya bahwa Promosi kesehatan dalam bentuk penyuluhan secara terus menerus dapat memberikan pengaruh terhadap pengetahuan dan sikap PHBS.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Kesimpulan:</strong> Pelaksanaan pengabdian berjalan dengan efektif dengan peningkatan pengetahuan tentang Covid-19, PHBS dan Protokol kesehatan dalam rangka menekan angka penyebaran covid-19.</p><p><strong>Kata kunci : Pendampingan, covid-19, PHBS.</strong></p>
The disease in tomato plants, especially on tomato leaves will have an impact on the quality and quantity of tomatoes produced. Handling disease on tomato leaves that must be done is to detect the type of disease as early as possible, then determine the treatment that must be done. Detection of its types of tomato plant diseases requires sufficient knowledge and experience. The problem is that many beginner farmers in growing tomatoes do not have much knowledge, so they have failed in growing tomatoes. Based on these cases, this study proposes a model for the early detection of disease in tomato leaves based on image processing. The research method used is divided into 5 stages, namely preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction, classification, and performance evaluation. The feature extraction stage used is texture-based with Gabor filters and color-based filters. The final decision is determined by the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification algorithm with the Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel. The test results of the tomato leaf disease detection system produced an average performance parameter of 98.83% specificity, 90.37% sensitivity, 90.34% F1-score, 90.37% accuracy, and 94.60% area under the curve (AUC). Referring to the resulting of the AUC performance, the tomato leaf disease detection system is in the very good category.
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