The dimensional stability and dynamic mechanical properties on bamboo (non woven mat)/kenaf (woven mat) hybrid composites was carried out in this study. The hybridization effect of bamboo (B) and kenaf (K) fibers at different weight ratio were studied at B:K:70:30, and B:K:30:70 while maintaining total fiber loading of 40% by weight. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and dynamic mechanical properties of composites were analyzed by thermomechanical anlayzer (TMA), and dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), respectively. Positive hybridization effects were observed on B:K:50:50 hybrid composite with lowest CTE and highest dynamic mechanical properties among all composites. The dimensional stability were strongly influence by the fiber orientation where all composites shows prominent expansion in the transverse fibers direction but relatively low expansion in longitudinal fibers direction. Dynamic mechanical properties in term of complex modulus (E*), storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″), Tan delta and Cole-Cole plot were studied. DMA results reveal that B:K:50:50 hybrid composite possess the highest complex modulus due to the strong fiber/matrix interfacial bonding which supported by the coefficient of effectiveness and Cole-Cole plot. Hence, it is concluded that 50:50 weight ratio of bamboo and kenaf fibers is the optimum mixing ratio to enhance both dimensional and dynamic mechanical properties of hybrid composites, and it can be utilized for automotive or building materials applications which demand high dimensional stability and dynamic mechanical properties.
Current work aims to study the mechanical and dynamical mechanical properties of non-woven bamboo (B)/woven kenaf (K)/epoxy (E) hybrid composites filled with nanoclay. The nanoclay-filled BK/E hybrid composites were prepared by dispersing 1 wt.% nanoclay (organically-modified montmorillonite (MMT; OMMT), montmorillonite (MMT), and halloysite nanotube (HNT)) with high shear speed homogenizer followed by hand lay-up fabrication technique. The effect of adding nanoclay on the tensile, flexural, and impact properties of the hybrid nanocomposites were studied. Fractography of tensile-fractured sample of hybrid composites was studied by field emission scanning electron microscope. The dynamic mechanical analyzer was used to study the viscoelastic properties of the hybrid nanocomposites. BK/E-OMMT exhibit enhanced mechanical properties compared to the other hybrid nanocomposites, with tensile, flexural, and impact strength values of 55.82 MPa, 105 MPa, and 65.68 J/m, respectively. Statistical analysis and grouping information were performed by one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) and Tukey method, and it corroborates that the mechanical properties of the nanoclay-filled hybrid nanocomposites are statistically significant. The storage modulus of the hybrid nanocomposites was improved by 98.4%, 41.5%, and 21.7% with the addition of OMMT, MMT, and HNT, respectively. Morphology of the tensile fracture BK/E-OMMT composites shows that lesser voids, microcracks and fibers pull out due to strong fiber–matrix adhesion compared to other hybrid composites. Hence, the OMMT-filled BK/E hybrid nanocomposites can be utilized for load-bearing structure applications, such as floor panels and seatbacks, whereby lightweight and high strength are the main requirements.
In this study, three types of nanoclay [halloysite nanotube (HNT), montmorillonite (MMT) and organically modified MMT (OMMT)] were incorporated into bamboo/kenaf (B/K) reinforced epoxy hybrid composites to compare their thermo-oxidative (TOD) stability and flammability properties.
In this work, the optimum filler loading to prepare epoxy/organoclay nanocomposites by the in-situ polymerization method was studied. Bi-functionalized montmorillonite at different filler loading (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 wt %) was dispersed in epoxy resin by using a high shear speed homogenizer. The effect on morphology, thermal, dynamic mechanical, and tensile properties of the epoxy/organoclay nanocomposites were studied in this work. Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) studies revealed that possible intercalated structures were obtained in epoxy/organoclay nanocomposites. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows that epoxy/organoclay nanocomposites exhibit higher thermal stability at the maximum and final decomposition temperature, as well as higher char content, compared to pristine epoxy. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) indicate that storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″), cross-link density and glass transition temperature (Tg) of the nanocomposites were improved with organoclay loading up to 1 wt %. Beyond this loading limit, the deterioration of properties was observed. A similar trend was also observed on tensile strength and modulus. We concluded from this study that organoclay loading up to 1 wt % is suitable for further study to fabricate hybrid nanocomposites for various applications.
An increased awareness of environmental concerns has increased the need for innovation to produce high performance engineering materials with natural renewable resources. In this study, 3 types of natural fibre (mat form) reinforced epoxy composites were prepared by the hand lay-up method, namely, kenaf (K)/Epoxy, bamboo (B)/Epoxy, and bamboo charcoal (BC)/Epoxy. The thermal stability of the specimens was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the dynamic mechanical properties. Viscous elastic behaviour of the specimens was investigated via a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). The TGA results revealed that the BC/Epoxy composite showed the highest thermal stability compared to K/Epoxy and B/Epoxy with the highest initial and final decomposition temperature at 348 °C and 463 °C, respectively. It also showed the highest charcoal content at 11.5%. From the DMA results, the K/Epoxy composite showed better dynamic mechanical properties with the highest complex modulus (E*) strength and the lowest damping behaviour (peak height of Tan δ). The DMA analysis also revealed that the glass transition temperature of the composites fell between 60 °C to 90 °C. This preliminary study may give a new path to develop a novel hybrid composite that offers unique properties unachievable in a single material system.
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