This article distills from available data descriptions of typical human symptoms in reaction to prompt total-body ionizing radiation in the dose range 0.5 to 30 Gy midline body tissue. The symptoms are correlated with dose and time over the acute postexposure period of 6 wk. The purpose is to provide a symptomatology basis for assessing early functional impairment of individuals who may be involved in civil defense, emergency medical care and various military activities in the event of a nuclear attack. The dose range is divided into eight subranges associated with important pathophysiological events. For each subrange, signs and symptoms are designated including estimates of symptom onset, severity, duration and incidence.
Publ reporting burden for thiscollection of Infom tion is estmlted to average 1 hour p repiolns Including the time for reviewing instructions, serchinig existing data sOurces gathering and maintaining the "dt neded. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)One hundred and seventy one references applicable to determining the effect of tactical nuclear weapons on military personnel have been reviewed, and the signifi-ant conclusions are reported. The study reviews the scientific literature and focuses on animal experiments published from 1933 to the present time, including a number of German studies and some Soviet research not previously reviewed in English language publications. Recurring themes of the review are the synergistic increase in mortality when injury (burn, wound, bleeding, fracture, etc.) follows irradiation and the reduction in mortality when injury precedes irradiation and/or when antibiotics are administered.
Dogs have been treated after x-irradiation with doses of 400 r and 600 r by injection of either homologous or autologous bone marrow. The bone marrow was obtained by preirradiation biopsy and was reinjected either into the animal from which it was drawn (autologous) or into an alternate recipient (homologous). Injection of 2 x 109 autologous nucleated cells successfully protected all dogs given either 400 r or 600 r. Dogs given 1 x 109 autologous nucleated cells after 600 r failed to survive. No protection was provided by injection of 2 x 109 homologous nucleated cells after 400 r nor by injection of 2 x 109 or 5 x 109 homologous nucleated cells after 600 r. It is proposed that a differential species sensitivity to foreign cell implants accounts for the failure of homologous marrow infusions in dogs in contradistinction to the protection provided by homologous or heterologous marrow implants in rats and mice, and by homologous implants in monkeys.
Summary. The effects of low‐dose gamma radiation to haemopoietic progenitor cell compartments of the marrow and spleen of virgin female mice and pregnant mice were studied. Microplasma clot cultures were used to assess burst‐forming uniterythroid (BFU‐E) and colony‐forming unit‐erythroid (CFU‐E) activity, and double‐layer agar cultures were established to evaluate granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐forming cell (GM‐CFC) and macrophage colony‐forming cell (M‐CFC). The apparent shift in maternal erythropoiesis from the bone marrow to the enlarged spleen was reflected by an increase in the numbers of CFU‐E and BFU‐E per spleen and a concomitant decrease in CFU‐E and BFU‐E per femur. Whereas maternal GM‐CFC values per femur increased 36%, maternal GM‐CFC per spleen increased by 172% compared to virgin values. There was a greater decrease in M‐CFC per spleen than per femur in the pregnant animal when values were compared to the virgin animal. Total‐body irradiation to the day‐10·5 pregnant mouse caused a further suppression of day‐14·5 medullary erythropoiesis (i.e. decreased CFU‐E values) compared to the response of the virgin female mouse. An ability of the maternal spleen to support further compensatory erythropoiesis following increasing doses of radiation was demonstrated. 4 d after 1·0 Gy exposure, maternal values for GM‐CFC per femur or spleen decreased to nonirradiated virgin mice values. M‐CFC per maternal femur decreased following 1·5 Gy, but M‐CFC per spleen appeared to be unaffected with doses from 0·5 to 2·0 Gy.
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