Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood borne, circular and positive single stranded virus with high spread rates. With the passage of time the frequency of HCV is increasing in different parts of the world. HCV is a major cause, which may end in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV has six main genotypes with many subtypes, which have variable sequence homology with each other. Symptoms can appear anytime from 2 weeks to 6 months, which include jaundice, fatigue, gray-colored stool, joint pain, belly pain, weakness, anorexia, itchy skin and dark urine. Genotyping is more significant for planning of HCV treatment period and helps to cure HCV infections. For the quantification and identification of hepatitis C virus-ribonucleic acid, many molecular techniques are performed; the most significant are HCV ELISA, quantitative HCV-RNA PCR and recombinant immunoblot assay. PCR is the major technique targeting 5 0 untranslated region (UTR). HCV can be transmitted by contaminated blood, ear and nose piercing and contaminated medical instruments. To overcome the rate of HCV, guidance should be provided to make aware the persons about risk factors, transmission and prevention. Discovery and designing of new therapies and vaccines to overcome this disease are the necessity of the present era. Four types of vaccines such as vector vaccines, peptide vaccines, DNA vaccines and recombinant protein vaccines are available in clinical trials.
The present study investigated the cilia induced flow of MHD Jeffrey fluid through an inclined tube. This study is carried out under the assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations. Exact solutions for the velocity profile, pressure rise, pressure gradient, volume flow rate and stream function are obtained. Effects of pertinent physical parameters on the computational results are presented graphically.
Physiological transport phenomena often feature ciliated internal walls. Heat, momentum, and multispecies mass transfer may arise and additionally non‐Newtonian biofluid characteristics are common in smaller vessels. Blood (containing hemoglobin) or other physiological fluids containing ionic constituents in the human body respond to magnetic body forces when subjected to external (extracorporeal) magnetic fields. Inspired by such applications, in the present work we have considered the forced convective flow of an electrically conducting viscoelastic physiological fluid through a ciliated channel under the action of a transverse magnetic field. The presence of deposits (fats, cholesterol, etc.) in the channel is mimicked with a Darcy porous medium drag force model. The effect of energy loss is simulated via the inclusion of viscous dissipation in the energy conservation (heat) equation. The velocity, temperature, and pressure distribution are computed in the form of infinite series constructed by Adomian decomposition method and numerically evaluated in a symbolic software (Mathematica). The influence of Hartmann number (magnetic parameter), Jeffrey first and second viscoelastic parameters, permeability parameter (modified Darcy number), and Brinkman number (viscous heating parameter) on velocity, temperature, pressure gradient, and bolus dynamics is visualized graphically.
In this study, the cilia-induced flow is discussed for fractional generalized Burgers' fluid in an inclined tube. The mathematical model of fractional generalized Burgers' fluid flow is obtained under the long-wavelength approximation. It is found that thickness of flow region increases with the increase in relaxation time; thus, a large amount of pressure gradient is required for fluid flow, whereas the retardation time assists to decrease the thickness of the flow region, and therefore, less amount of pressure gradient is required for the fluid flow during the recovery stroke. The presence of fractional order derivatives in the generalized Burgers' model provides the large amount of frictional force when compared with generalized Burgers' fluid in the presence of parameters a = b = 1. Fractional Adomian decomposition method is used to calculate the pressure gradient. Results for stream function, axial velocity, pressure gradient, pressure rise, and frictional force are constructed and then plotted graphically to note the effects of various interesting parameters.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.