One challenge in under-water wireless sensor networks (UWSN) is to find ways to improve the life duration of networks, since it is difficult to replace or recharge batteries in sensors by the solar energy. Thus, designing an energy-efficient protocol remains as a critical task. Many cluster-based routing protocols have been suggested with the goal of reducing overall energy consumption through data aggregation and balancing energy through cluster-head rotation. However, the majority of current protocols are concerned with load balancing within each cluster. In this paper we propose a clustered chain-based energy efficient routing algorithm called CCRA that can combine fuzzy c-means (FCM) and ant colony optimization (ACO) create and manage the data transmission in the network. Our analysis and results of simulations show a better energy management in the network.
<p>Handover is a process that allows a mobile node to change its attachment point. A mobile node connected to a network can, in order to improve the quality of service, have the need to leave it to connect to a cell either of the same network or of a new network. The present paper introduce three techniques using adaptive Variable Step-Size Least Mean Square (VSSLMS) filter combined with spectrum sensing probability method to detect the triggering of handover in heterogeneous LTE networks. These techniques are Normalized LMS (NLMS), Kwong-NLMS and Li-NLMS. The simulation environment is composed of two femtocells belonging to a macrocell. Five User Equipements (UEs) are positioned in one femtocell and are assumed closest to its circumference. Simulation results show that sensing probability with Li-NLMS algorithm has a better performance compared with classical NLMS and Kwong-NLMS.</p>
In the shadow of the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic, the sterilization has become a major necessity for humans to avoid exponential Infection. In order to avoid touching contaminated surfaces, we develop an embedded system prototype, which allows the bottle or any other medium to pour the sterilization product without touching it. The human hands are detected using two sensors HC-SR04 and LM35. To overcome the stability problem due to the problem of sensor noise and enhance the system performance a Kalman filter algorithm is implemented to ensure stable hands detection. The efficiency of the prototype mounted on an Arduino board is checked. After the completion of the prototype, a comprehensive cost analysis is conducted.
The present article aims to investigate and evaluate the performances of DWDM (or Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed) system under MIMO-FSO (or multiple input multiple output-free space optical) channel. However, the proposed system is configured and simulated in the worst-case meteorological conditions, and we base here on the variation of the attenuation coefficient. In this article, the proposed system is devoted to 90 users, every user exploits 30 Gbps. So, the total capacity of system is 90x30 Gbps. In addition, the use of MIMO technique in FSO channel ensures us the stability of the proposed system in the worst-case meteorological conditions and especially when the system exploits a high throughput. To assess the acceptable performance levels of the proposed system, it is necessary to use the following criteria: the minimum bit error rate (or BER) performance, the maximum quality factor (or Q-Factor) and the optical signal to noise ratio (or OSNR) performance. Finally, the proposed system in this paper provides a promising solution for 5G networks as back-up optical link.
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