The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of transmigrated maxillary and mandibular canine teeth and also of the other impacted teeth in a Turkish subpopulation. Five thousand consecutive panoramic radiographs taken of patients who attended the Department of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, Selcuk University, for routine examination between 2005 and 2007 were examined to identify incidences of transmigrated and impacted teeth. Demographic information of all patients was also recorded. Transmigrations were categorized according to the classification of Mupparapu. The effect of age, gender, and sidedness (left or right side) on the recorded abnormality was evaluated using a t-test. The incidence of transmigrated upper and lower canine teeth was found to be 0.34 per cent [17 patients, 12 females/5 males, with a mean age of 34 years (range 16-76 years)] and 0.14 per cent [7 patients, 4 females/3 males, with a mean age of 37.1 years (range 17-62 years)]. The incidence of tooth impaction was 2.94 per cent [147 patients, 101 females/46 males, with a mean age of 29.7 years (range 15-80 years)]. The most frequently impacted tooth was the upper canine followed by the lower canine, lower second premolar, and upper second premolar. No incidence of maxillary first molar impaction was found. Gender and sidedness did not show a statistical significance on the recorded abnormality (P = 0.22 and P = 0.48, respectively). However, in the 15-29 year age group, this was statistically different (P < 0.05). The incidence of transmigration of impacted mandibular canine teeth was greater than other teeth. With the increased use of panoramic radiographs, it is inevitable that diagnosis of such anomalies will increase.
One of the most important components of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning is the evaluation of the patient's soft tissue profile. The aim of this study was to develop angular photogrammetric standards for Class I Anatolian Turkish males and females. A random sample of 100 Turkish individuals (46 males and 54 females; ages 19-25 years) was obtained. The photographic set-up consisted of a tripod that held a 35 mm camera and a primary flash. The camera was used in its manual position and photographic records were taken of the subjects in natural head posture. The photographic records, 35 mm slide format, were digitized and analyzed using the Quick Ceph Image software program for Windows. Twelve measurements were digitally analyzed on each photograph. For statistical evaluation a Student's t-test was performed and the reliability of the method was analyzed. The results were compared with reported norms of facial aesthetics. The nasofrontal (G-N-Prn), nasal (Cm-Sn/N-Prn), vertical nasal (N-Prn/TV), and nasal dorsum (N-Mn-Prn) angles showed statistically insignificant gender differences (P>0.05). The nasolabial angle (Cm-Sn-Ls) demonstrated large variability. Gender differences were present in the mentolabial (Li-Sm-Pg) and cervicomental (G-Pg/C-Me) angles. The mentolabial angle showed a high method error and large variability. Facial (G-Sn-Pg) and total facial (G-Prn-Pg) convexity angles were similar, while Cm-Sn-Ls angle range was larger compared with other angles. The mean values obtained from this sample can be used for comparison with records of subjects with the same characteristics and following the same photogrammetric technique. Angular photogrammetric profile analysis can provide the orthodontist with a way of determining problems associated with various soft tissue segments of the face.
The aim of this study was to identify the potential projection errors of lateral, postero-anterior (PA) and submentovertex (SMV) cephalometric radiographs due to head rotation in the vertical z-axis. For this investigation, a complete human dry skull of an adult was used. The skull was rotated from 0 to +/-14 degrees at 2 degree intervals. A vertical axis, the z-axis, was used as the rotational axis to expose 15 lateral and 15 PA cephalometric radiographs. The skull was tilted on each side, again at 2 degree intervals, to expose the 15 SMV films. A series of linear and angular measurements was carried out on all cephalograms. The results revealed that horizontal linear and angular measurements between the horizontal planes on lateral cephalograms were subject to changes from 16.1 to 44.7 per cent with a 14 degree rotation of the head position. For PA cephalograms, again horizontal linear measurements, particularly mandibular length, were subject to a projection error of up to 34.9 per cent with head rotation. On the other hand, projection errors were within the 3-4 per cent limit for SMV radiography. The findings indicate that: (1) linear measurements and the measurement of angles between the horizontal planes are likely to be affected by head rotation in lateral cephalograms, (2) angular measurements demonstrate smaller variations with changing rotation of the head in PA cephalograms, (3) SMV radiographs are less vulnerable to head rotation. Vertical linear measurements of lateral cephalograms and angular measurements of PA radiographs are more reliable in minimizing the projection errors associated with head rotation.
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