Real-time cell analysis of the cytotoxicity of orthodontic mini-implants on human gingival fibroblasts and mouse osteoblasts

Cytotoxicity evaluation of luting resin cements on bovine dental pulp-derived cells (bDPCs) by real-time cell analysis

“…In this test design, the observer has dynamic control of the cellular condition, and nonstop data regarding cell growth, development, morphologic alterations, and cell death is provided. In addition, RTCA allows for the calculation of time-related physiological values, which can provide more knowledge than the single-value endpoints of current toxicity testing 12,14) . In comparison to traditional endpoint cellbased assays, dynamic monitoring of cell reactions, such as cell adhesion, increasing, proliferation, growth, and apoptosis, is an advantage of the real-time design that allows for the optimization of cell concentration and conditions for in vitro assays before and during the experiment.…”

“…Additionally, these materials must contribute to protecting the exposed enamel, dentin, and pulpal tissues from thermal, mechanical, and microbial effects, as well as maintain phonetics, aesthetics, and masticatory function 16,17) . Several in vitro cytotoxicity study models, such as inhibition of cell growth, effects of membrane or cytoplasmic marker cytolysis, mitochondrial dehydrogenase of active cells, and changes in metabolic activity, have been designed in the past 30 years to overcome the disadvantages of in vivo study designs, which evaluate biological response to different dental 14,18) . The main advantages of cell culture tests are standardization, high reproducibility, adequate sample sizes, and the absence of ethical considerations 7,14,19) .…”

“…Several in vitro cytotoxicity study models, such as inhibition of cell growth, effects of membrane or cytoplasmic marker cytolysis, mitochondrial dehydrogenase of active cells, and changes in metabolic activity, have been designed in the past 30 years to overcome the disadvantages of in vivo study designs, which evaluate biological response to different dental 14,18) . The main advantages of cell culture tests are standardization, high reproducibility, adequate sample sizes, and the absence of ethical considerations 7,14,19) . Only one test design is appropriate for examining one type of unwanted effect on a variety of possible reactions.…”

“…The real-time test method proved to be useful for estimating cell densities in small culture volumes. Cultivation in small culture volumes and sensitive evaluation using a real-time test allow for the screening and testing of many different substances and fractions, to determine cytotoxicity 12,14) . For these reasons, we preferred a realtime xCELLigence test.…”

“…In the absence of cells, electrode impedance was mainly determined by the ion environment, both at the electrode-solution interface and in the bulk solution. In the presence of cells, the cells attached to the electrode sensor surfaces acted as insulators, thereby altering the local ion environment at the electrode-solution interface and leading to increased impedance 12,14) . The tested material samples (5×2-mm disks of each material) were incubated in a DMEM culture medium for 72 h according to ISO 10993-5 standards (surface area-to-volume ratio of the specimen to cell-culture medium: 3 cm 2 /mL).…”