This registry provides a unique opportunity to study the natural history of youth-onset diabetes in India.

The present paper highlights the steps followed to prevent the risks and hazards encountered at mortuary. Autopsy surgeons or Forensic pathologists and the personnel who assist in conducting the autopsy are liable to encounter a number of accidents and potential biohazards; who are at a continuous risk of acquiring various kinds of viral, bacterial infections from contagious body fluids, soft tissues of the dead and skin injuries. The prevailing practice of autopsy in major parts of world including India is empirical and crude and is due to ignorance, administrative apathy, under funding and lack of implementation of effective skill oriented programs on safe autopsy practice and for development of an optimally equipped mortuary. Safety in morgues is not only relevant to the team performing the autopsy, but also has adverse environmental effects e.g. contamination with radioactive and other contagious substances. By adhering to approved safety precautions and autopsy techniques, the risk of hazards at work place may be minimized. The present literature reviewed the risks related to the existing autopsy practice and discussed appropriate preventive, bio-safety measures to be taken. This paper highlights the preparation of safety guidelines for routine autopsy practice; which should be devised by forming appropriate committees which may include the practicing autopsy surgeons, mortuary personnel, the professionals from local infection control and occupational health and safety departments. The existing safety measures in a mortuary set-up should be evaluated and reconsidered after reviewing appropriate safety guidelines. Time to time organization of induction programs, workshops, continued medical education on safe autopsy practice will be a great help for the persons concerned. Nevertheless, the goal of such practice is to protect the concerned workers and the environment as well, from the potential risks associated with morgues.

Background We here report the demographic and clinical profile of the patients enrolled in the Indian Council of Medical Research funded Registry of people with diabetes in India with young age at onset (YDR) from 1 January 2000 to 31 July 2011. Methods The YDR registry recruits all diabetes cases (newly diagnosed or treated) reporting on or after 1 January 2000 with age of diagnosis ≤25 years, and residing within the assigned geographical area of the reporting centres. A baseline proforma was used to obtain information on demographic and clinical details at registration. Results The registry has enrolled 5546 patients (49.5% male; 50.5% female) with youth onset diabetes from 205 reporting centres linked to 8 regional collaborating centres (RCC) across India. T1DM (63.9%; n = 3545) and T2DM (25.3%; n = 1401) were the commonest variants of youth onset diabetes, though their relative proportion varied across RCCs. The mean (SD) age at diagnosis for T1DM was 12.9 (6.5) years, while that for T2DM was 21.7 (3.7) years. Nearly half the T1DM patients were registered within 6 months of the onset of disease. Most cases of T2DM (47.3%) were registered after 3 years from their date of diagnosis. 56.1% of patients had at least one episode of hospitalization at registration. Conclusion The observations from YDR registry indicate the need to establish a surveillance system in India to monitor diabetes in youth, not only to understand its complex etiology and natural history but also due to its detrimental socio economic impact.

Electrocution fatality cases are difficult to investigate. High-voltage electrocution burns resemble burns caused by other sources, especially if the person survives for few days. In that case, circumstantial evidence if correlated with the autopsy findings helps in determining the cause and manner of death. In addition, the crime scene findings also help to explain the pattern of injuries observed at autopsy. A farmer came in contact with a high-voltage transmission wire and sustained superficial to deep burns over his body. A charred and deeply scorched area was seen over the face, which was suggestive of the electric entry wound. The exit wound was present over both feet and lower leg and was atypical in the form of a burnt area of peeled blistered skin, charring, and deep scorching. The injuries were correlated with crime scene findings, and the circumstances that lead to his electrocution are discussed here.

Context:Endodontic retreatment is performed in teeth with endodontic failures. The main goal of retreatment is cleaning and shaping of the root canal with removal of old root filling material. Hand instruments and rotary instruments are mainly used for removing this filling material.Aim of Study:To compare the relative efficacy of three rotary instrumentation systems for removal of gutta-percha from root canal during endodontic retreatment.Objective of Study:To find out which NiTi system is more efficacious in retreatment and to check out the efficacy of retreatment with and without use of solvent.Materials and Methods:Sixty freshly extracted, single-rooted human mandibular premolars were instrumented with K-files, and each root canal was filled with gutta-percha and AH Plus (Dentsply Detrey, Konstanz, Germany) sealer using lateral compaction. Specimens were then divided into three experimental groups with twenty specimens each. Groups were then subdivided into ten specimens each. Groups were then retreated either with or without solvent. The removal of gutta-percha was performed using ProTaper retreatment files, Mtwo retreatment files, and R-Endo files after 2 weeks. The amount of root canal filling material remnant in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds was measured using stereomicroscope and computer image analysis program.Statistical Analysis Used:Data were evaluated statistically using analysis of variance.Results:ProTaper group was found to have less remnant filling material as compared to the other groups in coronal and middle thirds, but a significant difference was observed between ProTaper and Mtwo and Mtwo and R-Endo in the nonsolvent groups (P < 0.05). Mtwo group demonstrated less amount of remaining filling material in the nonsolvent group.Conclusions:Both nickel–titanium systems and ProTaper and Mtwo retreatment file systems, were found to be effective in the removal of root canal filling material. However, complete removal of gutta-percha from root canals did not occur with any of the experimental groups.